Introduction to Airport Operations

281 Pages·2015·5.56 MB·English

Introduction to Airport
Operations
Course eTextbook
Customized for Airports Authority of India
Introduction to Airport
Operations
Course eTextbook
Customized for Airports Authority of India
NOTICE
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changing government requirements and regulations.
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Director
IATA Training and Development Institute
International Air Transport Association
800 Place Victoria
P.O. Box 113
Montreal, Quebec
CANADA H4Z 1M1
Introduction to Airport Operations eTextbook
Customized for Airports Authority of India
Material No.: TAPP-54
ISBN 978-92-9252-742-6
© 2015 International Air Transport Association. All rights reserved.
Montreal—Geneva
Table of Contents
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ vii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................... ix
Module 0—Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
0.1 Profile of AAI ....................................................................................................................................... 1
0.2 Mission ................................................................................................................................................ 1
0.3 Vision ................................................................................................................................................... 1
0.3.1 Organizational Structure ................................................................................................................ 2
0.3.2 Functions of AAI ............................................................................................................................. 2
0.4 Roles of various Departments/ Directorates in AAI ............................................................................ 4
0.4.1 Aerodrome License ........................................................................................................................ 4
0.4.2 Airport Systems .............................................................................................................................. 4
0.4.3 Air Traffic Management (ATM) ...................................................................................................... 5
0.4.4 Architecture and Planning .............................................................................................................. 6
0.4.5 Aviation Safety ............................................................................................................................... 8
0.4.6 Cargo ........................................................................................................................................... 10
0.4.7 Central Radio Stores Depot (CRSD) ........................................................................................... 11
0.4.8 Commercial .................................................................................................................................. 12
0.4.9 Communication, Navigation & Surveillance-Operations & Maintenance (CNS-OM) .................. 12
0.4.10 Communication, Navigation & Surveillance-Planning (CNS-P) ............................................... 13
0.4.11 Consultancy & Coordination (C&C) ......................................................................................... 14
0.4.12 Corporate Affairs & Company Secretary (CA&CS) ................................................................. 15
0.4.13 Corporate Planning & Management Services (CPMS) ............................................................ 16
0.4.14 Engineering .............................................................................................................................. 17
0.4.15 Finance .................................................................................................................................... 17
0.4.16 Fire ........................................................................................................................................... 17
0.4.17 Flight Inspection Unit (FIU) ...................................................................................................... 18
0.4.18 Human Resources ................................................................................................................... 19
0.4.19 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) .................................................................................... 19
0.4.20 Information Technology (IT) ..................................................................................................... 20
0.4.21 Key Infrastructure Development (KID) ..................................................................................... 20
0.4.22 Legal ........................................................................................................................................ 21
0.4.23 Land Management ................................................................................................................... 21
0.4.24 Operations & Terminal Management ....................................................................................... 24
0.4.25 Project Monitoring & Quality Assurance (PMQA) .................................................................... 25
0.4.26 Public Relations (PR) ............................................................................................................... 25
0.4.27 Radio Construction & Development Unit (RC&DU) ................................................................. 26
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Airport Operations

0.4.28 Security..................................................................................................................................... 26
0.4.29 Technical .................................................................................................................................. 27
0.4.30 Vigilance ................................................................................................................................... 28
0.5 Training Establishments Associated with AAI ................................................................................... 28
0.5.1 Indian Aviation Academy, New Delhi ........................................................................................... 29
0.5.2 Civil Aviation Training College, Allahabad ................................................................................... 30
0.5.3 Fire Service Training Centres ...................................................................................................... 30
0.5.4 National Flying Training Institute .................................................................................................. 31
0.6 MoU between AAI & Ministry of Civil Aviation ................................................................................... 31
0.7 How MOU affects PRP … ................................................................................................................. 34
0.8 Uniformity & Transparency ................................................................................................................ 34
0.8.1 Right to Information Act ................................................................................................................ 34
0.9 Expectations of Stakeholders from AAI ............................................................................................. 34
0.10 Recognitions & Accolades............................................................................................................ 35
0.11 Mandate/Expectations from AAI Employees ................................................................................ 36
0.11.1 Image Building (Brand AAI) ...................................................................................................... 36
0.11.2 Team work (Team-AAI) ............................................................................................................ 38
0.11.3 Customer Service Culture at AAI Airports ................................................................................ 38
0.11.4 Airport communication and Public Relation ............................................................................. 39
0.12 Way Ahead ................................................................................................................................... 39
Module 1—Understanding the Airport ......................................................................................................... 41
1.1 Understanding the Airport .................................................................................................................. 41
1.1.1 History of Aviation and Airports .................................................................................................... 41
1.1.2 Technological Advancements–Overview ..................................................................................... 43
1.1.3 Protection of Environment ............................................................................................................ 46
1.2 Airport Definition, Function, Customers and Partners ....................................................................... 47
1.2.1 What is an Airport? ....................................................................................................................... 47
1.2.2 On-Site Airport Customers ........................................................................................................... 49
1.2.3 Off-Site Associated Partners ........................................................................................................ 55
1.3 Airport Management and Operation .................................................................................................. 57
1.3.1 Ownership and Operation ............................................................................................................ 57
1.3.2 Airport Management as a Career ................................................................................................. 59
1.4 The Need for Standardisation ............................................................................................................ 62
1.4.1 Why Standardise? ........................................................................................................................ 62
1.5 The Airport Business and its Economic Impact ................................................................................. 65
1.5.1 The Airport Business Costs .......................................................................................................... 65
1.5.2 The Economic Impact of Airports ................................................................................................. 67
1.6 Airport Master Planning ..................................................................................................................... 70
1.6.1 Why Plan ...................................................................................................................................... 70
1.6.2 How to Plan? ................................................................................................................................ 70
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Table of Contents

1.6.3 Land Use Compatibility ................................................................................................................ 71
1.6.4 The Planning Process .................................................................................................................. 71
Module 2—The Airport as an Operational System ..................................................................................... 78
2.1 The Airport as an Operational System .............................................................................................. 78
2.2 The Airside ........................................................................................................................................ 79
2.2.1 Physical Components of the Airside ............................................................................................ 80
2.2.1.1 The Movement Area ............................................................................................................ 80
2.2.1.1.1 Maneuvering Area ........................................................................................................... 80
2.2.1.1.2 Aprons ............................................................................................................................. 83
2.2.1.2 Visual Aids ........................................................................................................................... 84
2.2.1.2.1 Visual Aids for Navigation ............................................................................................... 85
2.2.1.2.2 Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles ................................................................................. 93
2.2.1.2.3 Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas .............................................................. 93
2.2.1.3 Electronic Aids ..................................................................................................................... 94
2.2.1.3.1 Approach Aids ................................................................................................................. 94
2.2.1.3.2 Radars ............................................................................................................................. 99
2.2.1.4 Communication Aids .......................................................................................................... 102
2.2.2 Service Components of Airside ................................................................................................. 103
2.2.2.1 Meteorological Services ..................................................................................................... 103
2.2.2.2 Air Traffic Services ............................................................................................................. 106
2.2.2.3 Airside Commercial Tenants .............................................................................................. 110
2.2.2.4 Safety and Security ............................................................................................................ 111
2.2.2.5 Obstacle Restriction and Removal .................................................................................... 111
2.2.3 Operational Procedures of Airside ............................................................................................. 116
2.2.3.1 Safety ................................................................................................................................. 116
2.2.3.1.1 Safety Management Systems (SMS) ............................................................................ 118
2.2.3.1.2 Safety Plans during Maintenance and Construction ..................................................... 119
2.2.3.2 Inspections and Audits ....................................................................................................... 121
2.2.3.3 Airside Vehicle Operator Training Programme .................................................................. 122
2.2.3.4 Aerodrome Emergency Response Plans .......................................................................... 124
2.2.3.5 Aerodrome Maintenance ................................................................................................... 126
2.2.3.6 Wildlife Control ................................................................................................................... 129
2.2.3.7 Environmental Protection Management............................................................................. 131
2.2.3.8 Foreign Object Damage (FOD) .......................................................................................... 134
2.2.3.9 Noise Management ............................................................................................................ 136
2.2.3.10 Apron Management ....................................................................................................... 141
2.2.3.11 Aeronautical Information Publications (AIP) ................................................................. 143
2.3 The Terminal Area .......................................................................................................................... 147
2.3.1 Physical Components of Terminal ............................................................................................. 148
2.3.2 Operational Procedures of Terminal .......................................................................................... 148
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Airport Operations

2.3.2.1 Curb Management .............................................................................................................. 149
2.3.2.2 Crowd Control .................................................................................................................... 151
2.3.2.3 Allocation of Space ............................................................................................................. 152
2.3.2.4 Exclusive Use ..................................................................................................................... 152
2.3.2.5 Common Use ..................................................................................................................... 152
2.3.2.6 Cleaning ............................................................................................................................. 153
2.3.2.7 Maintenance ....................................................................................................................... 154
2.4 The Landside ................................................................................................................................... 158
2.4.1 Physical Components of Landside ............................................................................................. 158
2.4.1.1 Access Infrastructure .......................................................................................................... 159
2.4.1.2 Parking Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 167
2.4.1.3 Commercial Lands ............................................................................................................. 173
2.4.2 Processes ................................................................................................................................... 173
2.4.2.1 Trip to Airport ...................................................................................................................... 173
2.4.2.2 Trip from Airport ................................................................................................................. 175
2.4.2.3 Trips to and from Airport-Other Technologies (Waterborne and Air) ................................. 175
2.4.3 Operational Procedures of Landside .......................................................................................... 176
2.4.3.1 Vehicular Traffic Control ..................................................................................................... 176
2.4.3.2 Grounds Maintenance ........................................................................................................ 177
2.5 Airport Certification .......................................................................................................................... 180
2.5.1 International Obligations of States ............................................................................................. 180
2.5.2 Obligations of the CAA ............................................................................................................... 181
2.5.3 Obligations of the Aerodrome Operator ..................................................................................... 181
2.5.4 The Need for Certification .......................................................................................................... 182
2.5.5 The Aerodrome Certification Regulatory System ....................................................................... 183
2.5.6 The Aerodrome Certification Concept ........................................................................................ 183
2.5.7 The Aerodrome Certifications Process ...................................................................................... 183
2.5.8 The Aerodrome Manual.............................................................................................................. 184
2.6 The Overall Airport Operation .......................................................................................................... 186
2.6.1 Airport Operational System ........................................................................................................ 186
Module 3—Security ...................................................................................................................................... 194
3.1 Security ............................................................................................................................................ 194
3.2 Civil Aviation Security ...................................................................................................................... 195
3.2.1 Introduction to Civil Aviation Security ......................................................................................... 195
3.2.1.1 Brief History ........................................................................................................................ 195
3.2.1.2 Aviation as a Target ........................................................................................................... 196
3.2.2 The International Framework ..................................................................................................... 196
3.2.2.1 Legal Instruments–Conventions and Protocol ................................................................... 197
3.2.2.2 Technical Documents–Annexes and Other Documents .................................................... 197
3.2.3 The National Framework ............................................................................................................ 198
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Table of Contents

3.2.3.1 The National Civil Aviation Security Programme ............................................................... 198
3.2.3.2 The National Civil Aviation Security Authority ................................................................... 199
3.2.3.3 National Civil Aviation Security Committee ....................................................................... 200
3.3 Airport Security ................................................................................................................................ 202
3.3.1 Airport Security Programme ...................................................................................................... 202
3.3.2 Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference ............................................................................... 203
3.3.3 Security Vs. Facilitation ............................................................................................................. 206
Module 4—Support Services ...................................................................................................................... 214
4.1 Support Services ............................................................................................................................. 214
4.2 On-Site Services ............................................................................................................................. 214
4.2.1 Rescue and Fire Fighting ........................................................................................................... 215
4.2.1.1 Equipment and Materials ................................................................................................... 216
4.2.1.2 Level of Protection ............................................................................................................. 217
4.2.1.3 Changes in the Level of Service ........................................................................................ 217
4.2.1.4 Personnel ........................................................................................................................... 218
4.2.1.5 Management Techniques .................................................................................................. 220
4.2.2 Communications ........................................................................................................................ 221
Module 5—Airport Issues and Challenges ................................................................................................ 226
5.1 Economics ....................................................................................................................................... 226
5.1.1 Current Aviation Environment .................................................................................................... 226
5.1.2 The Airlines' Challenge .............................................................................................................. 226
5.1.2.1 Airlines' Actions .................................................................................................................. 227
5.1.3 The Airports' Challenge ............................................................................................................. 227
5.1.3.1 Airports Actions .................................................................................................................. 228
5.2 Capacity .......................................................................................................................................... 229
5.2.1 What are Capacity, Congestion, and Delay? ............................................................................. 229
5.2.1.1 Capacity ............................................................................................................................. 229
5.2.1.2 Congestion ......................................................................................................................... 229
5.2.1.3 Delay .................................................................................................................................. 230
5.2.2 Planning for Peak Demand ........................................................................................................ 230
5.2.2.1 Characteristics of Airport Demand ..................................................................................... 230
5.2.2.2 Conflicting Objectives ........................................................................................................ 231
5.2.2.3 Strategies to Bring Demand and Capacity into Balance .................................................... 231
5.2.3 Smart Solutions to Capacity Problems ...................................................................................... 232
5.2.3.1 Technology ........................................................................................................................ 232
5.2.3.2 Smart Terminal Design ...................................................................................................... 232
5.2.3.3 Smart Operational Procedures .......................................................................................... 232
5.2.4 Capacity Cycles ......................................................................................................................... 233
5.2.4.1 Where Are We Now in the Capacity Cycle? ...................................................................... 233
5.2.4.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 236
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Airport Operations

5.3 Sustainable Development ................................................................................................................ 238
5.3.1 Sustainable Development at the Airport Level ........................................................................... 238
5.3.2 The Challenge of Sustainable Development .............................................................................. 240
Module 6—The Future of Airports .............................................................................................................. 245
6.1 The Future of Airports ...................................................................................................................... 245
6.2 Future Technology ........................................................................................................................... 245
6.2.1 Airside......................................................................................................................................... 246
6.2.1.1 Navigation Aids–Global Positioning System (GPS) ........................................................... 246
6.2.1.2 Navigation Aids–Performance–based Navigation (PBN) ................................................... 247
6.2.1.3 Aircraft De-icing–Environment Friendly Chemicals ............................................................ 248
6.2.1.4 Aircraft De-icing–Infrared or Gas-fired De-icing Heaters ................................................... 248
6.2.1.5 New Pavement De-icing Methods ...................................................................................... 249
6.2.1.6 New Aerodrome Pavement Products ................................................................................. 249
6.2.1.7 Bird Hazard Control ............................................................................................................ 249
6.2.1.8 Runway Rubber Removal .................................................................................................. 249
6.2.1.9 Hybrid Equipment and GSE ............................................................................................... 250
6.2.2 Terminal...................................................................................................................................... 251
6.2.2.1 New Security and Government Control Technology .......................................................... 251
6.2.2.2 Web Applications ................................................................................................................ 251
6.2.2.3 Passenger Screening ......................................................................................................... 252
6.2.2.4 Luggage and Freight Processing Technology ................................................................... 252
6.2.2.5 Common Use Self Service (CUSS) .................................................................................... 252
6.2.2.6 Technology in Security Screening ...................................................................................... 253
6.2.2.7 Customer Service Technology ........................................................................................... 256
6.2.3 Landside ..................................................................................................................................... 256
6.2.4 Airline Operations ....................................................................................................................... 257
6.3 Ownership and Operation ................................................................................................................ 259
6.3.1 The Need for Commercialisation and Private Sector Participation ............................................ 259
6.3.2 The Future .................................................................................................................................. 259
6.3.3 Many Types of Airports .............................................................................................................. 260
6.3.4 New Planning Strategies ............................................................................................................ 261
Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................ 265
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List of Figures

Figure 1. Organisational Structure ........................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2. First Flight on December 17, 1903 .......................................................................................... 42
Figure 3. Historical Passenger Volumes ................................................................................................ 43
Figure 4. The Three Areas of an Airport ................................................................................................. 44
Figure 5. Interrelationships Between the Airport, Airlines, and Passengers .......................................... 50
Figure 6. The concessions Area in a Large Airport ................................................................................ 53
Figure 7. Relationships Between the Airport and the Transportation Environment ............................... 55
Figure 8. Two Examples of Airport Organisations, by Function and by Area ........................................ 59
Figure 9. Split Between Aeronautical and Non-aeronautical Revenues ................................................ 66
Figure 10. An Airport Land Use Plan ........................................................................................................ 72
Figure 11. The Airside in the Overall Airport Context ............................................................................... 79
Figure 12. Airport Layout ........................................................................................................................... 81
Figure 13. Wind Direction Indicator ........................................................................................................... 85
Figure 14. Runway Markings .................................................................................................................... 86
Figure 15. Aircraft Stand with Red Safety Lines ....................................................................................... 88
Figure 16. Approach Lighting System ....................................................................................................... 89
Figure 17. Runway Edge Lights–Note: PAPI Red Lights on the Left Hand Side ...................................... 89
Figure 18. Runway Threshold, Centreline, and Edge Lighting ................................................................. 90
Figure 19. Taxiway Centreline Lights ........................................................................................................ 91
Figure 20. Mandatory Sign ........................................................................................................................ 92
Figure 21. Combined Location and Directional Sign ................................................................................ 92
Figure 22. Localiser Antenna of an ILS ..................................................................................................... 95
Figure 23. Glide Path Antenna of an ILS .................................................................................................. 95
Figure 24. VOR ......................................................................................................................................... 97
Figure 25. NDB ......................................................................................................................................... 98
Figure 26. Primary Radar ........................................................................................................................ 100
Figure 27. Example of a Secondary Radar Display ................................................................................ 100
Figure 28. The Structure of Controlled Airspace..................................................................................... 107
Figure 29. Control Tower ........................................................................................................................ 108
Figure 30. Runway Strip and Approach/Take Off Surface (Seen from Above) ...................................... 113
Figure 31. Runway Strip and Approach/Take Off Surface (Seen from the Side) ................................... 114
Figure 32. Runway Strip, Transitional Surface, and Horizontal Surface (Seen in Cross-Section) ......... 114
Figure 33. Noise Exposure Contours ...................................................................................................... 138
Figure 34. A Departure Curb ................................................................................................................... 150
Figure 35. A CUTE System ..................................................................................................................... 153
vii