Introduction of Aquaculture

99 Pages·2015·2.52 MB·English

216 Fisheries

1
UNIT
Introduction of Aquaculture
Structure
1.0 Introduction
1.1 History of aquaculture
1.2 Scope of aquaculture
1.3 Present status of fisheries in India and Andhra pradesh
1.4 Export trends of aquatic products

1.0 Introduction
Aquaculture has been defined in many ways. It has been called as the
rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi controlled condition -
thus it is underwater agriculture. The other definition of aquaculture is the art of
cultivating the natural product of water, the raising or fattening of fish in enclosed
ponds. Another one is simply the large-scale husbandry or rearing of aquatic
organisms for commercial purposes. Aquaculture can be a potential means of
reducing over need to import fishery products, it can mean an increased number
of jobs, enhanced sport and commercial fishing and a reliable source of protein
for the future.
1.1 History of Aquaculture
The cultivation of marine species is also an ancient practice. Ancient Chinese
manuscripts from the 5th century B.C. indicate the Chinese practiced fish culture.
Paper - II Principles of Fisheries and Aqua culture 217
Although not as implicit, Egyptian hieroglyphics indicate the Egyptians of the
Middle Kingdom (2052-1786 B.C.) attempted intensive fish culturing. Following
in the footsteps of the Egyptians, the Romans also developed aquaculture
practices as they are known to have cultivated oysters.The culture of oysters
established by the Romans is the first known form of aquaculture that has continued
in some form or another to the modern day.
All of the early forms of aquaculture differed greatly from much of the
aquaculture practiced today. The major difference is that aquaculture in ancient
times involved harvesting immature fish or shellfish and transferring them to an
artificially created environment that is favorable to their growth. Carp, in China,
thousands of years ago were collected as youngsters and transferred to special
ponds where they were grown. As the Egyptians and Romans proved this practice
was not limited to carp but was used with many other species such as oysters
and other hardy creatures capable of surviving the transfer to the culture ponds.
Fig. 1.1
Fish farming in its modern form was first introduced in 1733 when a German
farmer successfully gathered fish eggs, fertilized them, and then grew and raised
the fish that hatched. To do this, male and female trout were collected when they
were ready for spawning. The eggs and sperm were pressed from their bodies
and mixed under favorable conditions. After hatching, the fishlings were taken
to tanks or ponds in which they were cultivated. Initially this “fish farming” was
limited to freshwater fish. In the 20th century new techniques were developed
to successfully breed saltwater species.
As scientists have learned more about the life cycles of the harvested fish
and the stimuli that encourage development, fish farmers are adapting their
techniques to gain more control over the fishe’s development. Such factors that
are important to commercial fish farmers are the stimuli that encourage growth,
sexual maturation, and reproduction. Other recent advances include disease
control and immunology.
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1.2 Scope of Aqua culture
1. To increase the production for per capita consumption and per capita
income by which national income will be higher.
2. Ornamental purpose like culture of angel fish, black molly, red sword
tail, blue gourami, kissing gourami etc.
3. Sports and game purpose like culture of trouts and mahseers.
4. Available natural waer resource utilization.
5. Earning foreign exchange
6. Upliftment of socio-economic status of the people.
7. Create employment opportunity.
8. Utlization of by-products of fish like isinglass, pearl essence, fish liver
oil, fish protein concentrate, fish glue etc.
9. Controlling parasites like mosquito larae by larvicidal fishes (Lebistes,
reticuilaus, Gambossia affinis).
10. Utlization of medicinal added value of fishery products.
Fish stands for
F = Food
I = Income
S = Sport
H = Health

1.3 Present status of Fisheries in India and Andhra Pradesh
Coastal fisheries are an important source of food, employment and foreign
exchange. In Indra, the marine fish production Increased by about six times in
the last 50 years reaching about 3.2 million tonnes in 2008. I provides employment
to about one million fishermen and earns foreign exchange of nearly Rs. 1,00,000
million. Most of the marine fish landings are from fishing operations In coastal
shelf area” especially from the shallower region ranging from 5 to 100 m depth.
In the last few years, the production from coastal fisheries is almost stagnant as
these fisheries are adversely affected by a number of problems and Issues, with
serious consequences on the availability of fish and income to the fishers. As
fisheries continue to be open access without any effective controls in place to
limit the growth of fishing capacity and fishing effort or limit catches through a
Paper - II Principles of Fisheries and Aqua culture 219
quota regime, the sector attracts more number of vessels and operators tend to
invest more in technological improvements of fishing craft and gear.
Table-1.1 Inland water resources in India
Resource Extent Type of fisheries
a. Rivers 29,000km capture fisheries
b. Canals & streams 1,42,000km capture fisheries
c. Lakes 0.72m ha capture fisheries
d. Reservoirs 3.152m ha
Large 1,140,268 ha capture fisheries
Medium 527,541 ha capture fisheries
Small 1,485,557 ha culture-based fisheries
e. Ponds & tanks 2.85 m he culture fisheries
f. Flood plain wetlands 202,213 ha Culture-based fisherie (Beels / Ox-
bow lakes)
g. Swamps and
Derelict waters 53,471 ha Nil ( not known)
h. Upland lakes 720,000 ha Not known
i. Brackish water 2.7 m ha
Estuaries 300,000 ha capture fisheries
Back waters 48,000 ha capture fisheries
Lagoons 140,000 ha capture fisheries
Wetlands (Bheries) 42,600 ha culture fisheries
Mangroves 356,000 ha subsistence
Coastal lands for aquaculture 1.42, million hectares culture fisheries
Andhra Pradesh contributes nearly 8% to the total marine fish production
of India. The cephalopods contribute a little over 1% to the total marine fish
landings of Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh, cephalopods are landed by
large trawlers (12-14 m, 98/110 HP), known as sona boats and smaller trawlers
(9.5-10 m, 68/90 HP). Total cephalopods landed during the period 2000-2010
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was 23629 t and the total effort was 37399153. Cephalopod production
increased from 1011 t in 2000 to over 2300 t in 2002. Thereafter there was a
declining trend up to 2006. In 2006-2007, the production increased to over
2500 t. In 2008, there was a drastic decline. However, there has been an
increasing trend in production in 2009-2010 (Fig. 1). Cephalopods contributed
0.53% in 2000 and 1.6% in 2010, to the total marine fish landings of Andhra
Pradesh (Fig. 1). The annual average cephalopod production for the period
was 2148 t, forming an average 1.04% of the total marine fish landings in Andhra
Pradesh.
With a coastline of about 980 km, Andhra Pradesh has a rich marine fishery
resource and, producing on an average 1,21,000 t of marine fish, it ranks fifth
among the maritime States. The vast segment of the continental shelf, of nearly
31,000 sq km, bordering nine coastal districts, receives copious rains from both
the monsoons, aside from the mighty discharge of two great rivers, the Godavary
and the Krishna, thus greatly enriching its flora and fauna- Nevertheless, it is
subject to extreme climatic vicissitudes. Whereas the coast is caressed by gentle
waves during January-April, it is liable to be hit by devastating
cyclones during October-November, such as the one that had occurred in
the N. E. monsoon of 1977 and caused an infernal misery, which is still fresh in
the mind of the coastal people. Well-developed coastal reads and shelters are,
however, now constructed in order to save lives and property during cyclones.
Andhra Pradesh has 453 marine fishing villages and 280 landing centres,
distributed among nine coastal districts, namely Srikakulam, Vizianagaram,
Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam
and Nellore.
1.4 Export Trends of Aquatic Products
During 2010-11 for the first time in the history of Marine product exports,
the export earnings have crossed 2.8 billion US dollars. This is also first time
export has crossed all previous records in quantity, rupee value and US $ terms.
Exports aggregated to 8,13,091 tonnes valued at Rs. 12,901.47 crore and US
Dollar 2,856.92 million. Compared to the previous year, seafood exports
recorded a growth of 19.85% in quantity, 28.39% in rupee and 33.95% growth
in US$ earnings respectively.
 The figures must be viewed in the light of the scenario of continuing recession
in the international markets, debt crisis in EU economies, continuing antidumping
duty in US and the sluggish growth in US economy, political instability in the
Arab world. The increased production of Vannamei shrimp, increased
Paper - II Principles of Fisheries and Aqua culture 221
productivity of Black tiger shrimp and better price realization of major items like
Cuttlefish, Shrimp and Squid helped us to gain such a higher export turnover.
 Exports during 2010-11 compared to 2009-10
 Export details 2010-11 2009-10 Growth %
Quantity Tonnes 813091 678436 19.85
Value Rs.crore 12901.4 10,048.53 28.39
Value US $ Million 2856.92 2,132.84 33.95

 Major items of export
 Frozen Shrimp continued to be the major export value item accounting for
44.17% of the total US $ earnings. Shrimp exports during the period increased
by 16.02%, 36.72% and 42.90% in quantity, rupee value and US$ value
respectively.
Fish, has retained its position as the principal export item in quantity terms
and the second largest export item in value terms, accounted for a share of
about 38.42% in quantity and 20.42% in US$ earnings.
Fr. Cuttlefish recorded a growth of 19.56% in rupee value and 25% in US
dollar terms. Unit value also increased by 34.18%, however, there is a decline
in quantity (6.84%). Items like dried items, live items and chilled items showed
an increase in US $ terms compared to the previous year. Export of Fr. Squid
showed a remarkable increase in quantity 42.53%, 62.31% in rupee value &
69.14% in US dollar realization. Unit value also increased by 18.67%.
Major export markets
European Union (EU) continued to be the largest market with a share of
26.78% in US $ realization. Followed by South East Asia 16.43%, China with
a share of 15.41%, USA 15.35%, Japan 13.06%, Middle East 5.19% and
Other Countries 7.79%. The export to the US market shown an exponential
growth of 50% in quantity, 97% in rupee value and 105% in US$ terms, unit
value also increased by 8.75% compared to the last year. The Marine Products
exports have strengthened India’s presence in Southeast Asia and Middle East
where the increase in quantity has been 57% and 26% respectively. There is a
significant increase in exports to African countries in comparison to previous
year, although the total exports to Africa remains very low compared to other
regions..
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Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is Aquaculture?
2. Define Fisheries.
3. Write export report of aquatic products during the year 2010-11.
4. Which is the major item of export and gives its percentage?
5. Write any two major export aqua product markets in the world.

Long Answer type Questions
1. Describe the history and scope of aqua culture.
2. Discuss the present status of fisheries in India and Andhra Pradesh.
3. Explain the export tends of aquatic products.
2
UNIT
Types of Aquaculture
Structure
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Types of aquaculture
2.2 Fresh water aquaculture
2.3 Brakish water aquaculture
2.4 Mariculture

2.0 Introduction
Aquaculture is most commonly known for the production of food organisms
such as fish, prawns, and shellfish. However aquaculture is also used in producing
aquatic organisms for diet, aquaria, fee-fishing, lake stockings, biological supply
houses, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Aquaculture species can be produced in marine or freshwater environments
using various production systems.
Some systems, such as those containing animals in ponds, tanks, aquaria
or raceways, can incorporate water-recirculating systems that reduce the reliance
on large quantities of water to maintain water quality and the health of cultured
organisms.
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2.1 Types of Aquaculture
On the basis of source, aquaculture can be classifed into three categories.
They are (a) Fresh water aquaculture (b) Brakish water aquaculture (c)
Mariculture.

2.2 Fresh Water Aquaculture
Inland water bodies include freshwater bodies like rivers, canals,streams,
lakes, flood plain wetlands or beels (ox-bow lakes, back swamps, etc.),
reservoirs, ponds, tanks and other derelict water bodies. The fresh water bodies
are rivers, reseriors, tanks, lakes, canals, swamps, ponds consturted for fish
culture etc. The pH of the water will be around neutral and salinity is below 5
ppt. The fresh water bodies are also referred to as inland water bodies and fish
culture in these water bodies is called as inland fish culture. The tanks and
reserviors are mainly meant for irrigation purpose and fish culture in these open
waters is only secondary. There is importance of aquaculture in multipurpose
projects. It is essential to remove the submerged tree stumps etc. The physical,
chemical and biological parameters cannot be managed to suit aquaculture
practices in these open type of water bodies.
Depending on the period of retention of water in a water source, the tanks
are divided into Perennial waters (retains water throughout the years). Long
seasonal waters (retain water for about 8 to 11 months) and short seasonal
waters (retain water for less than 8 months). The small fresh water ponds are
also constructed in villages for drinking water storage, cattle washing, washing
of the clothes etc. The ponds are constructed exclusively for fish culture. Taking
up aquaculture in drinking water sources in summer months at times turns
problematic. The aquaculture practices are to be selected suitably in the ponds
constructed for other purposes. Sewage water fish culture is the culture of the
certain hardy fishes in the sewage waters. The special aeration devices like etc.,
are required for aeration if the dissolved oxygen content will be very less. The
use of filters will enhance the water quality. The central institute of Fresh water
aquaculture, Bhubaneswar are doing experimental culture.
The culture systems adopted in the country vary greatly depending on the
input available in any particular region as well as on the investment capabilities
of the farmer. While extensive aquaculture is carried out in comparatively large
water bodies with stocking of the fish seed as the only input beyond utilising
natural productivity, elements of fertilisation and feeding have been introduced
into semi-intensive culture. The different culture systems that have been
standardised with optimum achievable production rates are:
Paper - II Principles of Fisheries and Aqua culture 225
· Composite carp culture (4–6 tonnes/ha/yr).
· Sewage-fed fish culture (3–5 tonnes/ha/yr).
· Weed-based carp polyculture (3–4 tonnes/ha/yr).
· Biogas slurry-fed fish culture (3–5 tonnes/ha/yr).
· Integrated fish farming with poultry, pigs, ducks, horticulture, etc. (3–5
tonnes/ha/yr).
· Intensive pond culture with supplementary feeding and aeration (10–15
tonnes/ha/yr).
· Pen culture (3–5 tonnes/ha/yr).
· Cage culture (10–15 kg/m²/yr).
· Running-water fish culture (20–50 kg/m²/yr) (Gopakumar et al., 1999).
Successful breeding and larval rearing of the giant river prawn
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and the monsoon river prawn (M. malcolmsonii)
provided scope for the farmers to diversify their culture practices. Monoculture
of M. rosenbergii has produced production levels of 1.0–1.5 tonnes/ha in a 7–
8 month production cycle. During recent years, the freshwater prawn farming
sector has witnessed quite impressive growth, recording a production of over
30 000 tonnes in 2002–2003 from approximately 35 000 ha of water. The state
of Andhra Pradesh dominates the sector with over 86 percent of the total
production in India with approximately 60 percent of the total water area
dedicated to prawn farming, followed by West Bengal. Mixed farming of
freshwater prawn along with carp is also very much accepted as a technologically
sound culture practice and a viable option for enhancing farm income. Thirty
five freshwater prawn hatcheries, at present producing about 200 million seed
per annum, cater for the requirements of the country.
The credit for the development of freshwater aquaculture in the country
must also include a number of other agencies and programs undertaken in different
parts of the country.
With fisheries development being considered a state subject, each state
has a fully fledged Fisheries Department, the Ministry of Agriculture of the
Government of India also provides additional coordination of development
programs in the different states and provides for centrally sponsored projects.
For encouraging and publicising freshwater aquaculture, the Indian government
introduced a scheme known as the ‘Fish Farmers’ Development Agency (FFDA)’