INTRODUCTION MICROBIOLOGY

264 Pages·2016·0.93 MB·English

INTRODUCTION
MICROBIOLOGY
-is a science that deals with the study of microorganism and their activities. It is concerned with
their form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism and identification. The science also
includes the studyof their distribution in nature, their relationship to each other as well as to other
livimg things, their beneficial and detrimental effects on men and the physical and chemical
changes they make in their environment.
SCOPE OF THE MICROBIOLOGY:
1. Bacteriology- concentrates on the study of structure functions and activities of bacteria
2. Phycology- is the study of various type of algae
3. Mycology- is the study of fungi
4. Protozoology- is the study of protozoa and their activities.
5.Virology- encompasses in the study of viruses and their effect on living cells.
6. Immunology
Virologist and cell biologist may become genetic engineers who manipulate genetic
materials (DNA) from one cell to another.
Prions and viroids are infectious agents smaller than viruses.
Division of Microbiology
1.GeneralMicrobiology- the study and classification of microorganism and how they function. It
encompasses all areas of microbiology.
2. MedicalMicrobiology- involves the study of pathogens, the disease they cause and the body
defense against disease.
3. VeterinaryMicrobiology- study of the spread and control of infection disease among animals.
4.AgriculturalMicrobiology- studies of both beneficial and harmful of microorganism in soil
formation, fertility and disease in plants.
Food microbiology- concerned with the production. Processing, storage serving of food,
prevention of food spoilage, food poisoning and toxicity.
Dairy microbiology- oversees the grading, pasteurizing and processing of milk and cheeses.
5. SanitaryMicrobiology- includes the processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes and
purification of water. Inspect food processing installations and eating establishments.
6.IndustrialMicrobiology- deals with the proper growth and maintenance of certain microbes to
produce beers, wines, alcohol and antibiotics.
7. MicrobialPhysiologyandGenetics- deals with the study and structure of DNA ang genetics.
8. EnvironmentalMicrobiology or microbialecology- encompasses the areas of soil, air, water
sewage, food and dairy.
2. In 1798, Edward jenner demonstrated that inoculation
Material provides human with immunity from small pox.
3. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for
fowl cholera, he coined the word
4. Modern vaccines are prepared from isolated components of pathogens and by recorbinant
DNA techniques.
Birth of Modern Chemotherapy: Dreams of a magic bullet
1. Chemotherapy is the chemical trertment of a disease.
2. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the
laboratory) and antibiotics (substance produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the
growth of microorganism.
3. Paul Ehrlich introduced an arsenic containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis.
(1910)
4. Alexander Filerniag observed that the mold penicilliumnotalium inhibited the growth of a
bacterial culture. He be name the active ingredient penicillin.
5. Penicillin has been used clinically as antibiotic since 1940’s.
6. In 1939, Rene Dubos discovered two antibiotics produced by bacterium Bacillus.
7. Researches are tackling the problems of drug resistant microbes.
8.Domagle- prohtosil
Development of Microbiology
1. Bacteriology is the study of bacteria, mycology is the study of fungi and parasitology is the
study of parasitic protozoa and worms.
2. The study of AIDS, analysis of the action of interferon and the development of newer vaccines
are among the current research inherent in immunology.
3.New techniques in molecular biology and electron microscopy have provided tools for the
advancement of your knowledge in virology.
4.The development recombinant DNA TECHNOLOGY has helped were all areas of
microbiology.
CLASSIFYINGTHE MICROORGANISM
1.In a nomenclature system of designed by carolusbuinaeus (1935), each living organism is
assigned two names.
2. The two names consist of genus and a specific specie both in which are underlines and
italicized.
THE DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISM
1. Bacteria are unicellular organism beacausthey have no nucleus prokaryotic cells.
2. The three major basic shapes of bacteria are bacillus coccus and spirili.
3. Meat has pychoglycan cell wall, they devide by binary
4.. cell wall is made up of chitin.
Protozoa-priotine.
1. are unicellular and rytes and are classified according bto their
2.obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specified structures.
Algae- is isolation word for “seaweeds”
1.unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.
2. produce oxygenandcarbohydratesthatare used by oraganism.Cellwall is made up of cellulose.
Viruses
1. Non cellular entities that are parasites of the cells, no capacity to synthesized their own food.
2. consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat and envelope may surround
the coat.
Multicellular Animal Parasites
-These are flat forms and the round worms called Helminthes.
USES OF MICROORGANISM
1. Microorganism degrade dead plants and animals and recycle chemical element to be used by
living plants and animals.
2. Bacteria are used to decompose organic matter in sewage.
3.Bioremedation processes used bacteria to clean up toxic wastes.
4. Bacteria that cause disease in insects are being used as biological controls of insect pest.
Biologicalcontrol are specific for thepestiside harm the environment.
5.Using microbes to snake products such as foods and chemicals is called biochenolopy.
6. Using recombinant DNA, bacteria can produced important substances or missing genes into
human cells.
8. Genetically engineered bacteria are used in agriculture protect plants from host and insects
that shelf life of produce.
hAaerca-nod pepyogticanlh in eirt cell wall.
Cyanobacteria-bacteria thdat ug sehlit as their sourcen of ergye.

CHAPTER 1
THE GENERAL CHARACTSERTICSI OF BACTERIA
Bacteria are minute, unecellularn orgismas thoat repdurce byyn b arifission.
They are consideredy prokoartes duhe tobe tsen ace of a nucleamr mnbee.ray Th poesses both nDNAd a RNA. bBnary fission- is a simpleo divnisi of celol in 2t partso ff. ormfnatip of aar seatingm mnbene rad ceall wall.
BACTAERZL SIEI AND FORM
The unit of microbuial mrmeasents is micrometer oor um yrm(f elmicron or u) which is equoal1 1 t000/ of a millimeter or 1/25,000n of h ina. Tche average size of bacteria generally varies from 0.5-2 um.
mhophemiluals-slest bacillus-largest
Fumndenaptal Shesa
1. Bacilli (bacillus, singuolar) -hd rapsne orgismas
2. Cocciu (cons,ccgu silar) - sphericaol ounr rgd omanrsis
3. Spirilla (spirillumn,gu silar) - spiralledo ommcrha- dapso pepmolehric - vyariabp shle a g omanrans isd maotile. b↘vhrioioo crael
o cobcacilli- E. coli - Listeria myonontogcesiseo- nnenatal mingeitis
nAmgrraenet
monomorphnic-g siple shea
singly- no arrangnemtse
Thne arrngats eof bacteria iad affect eby twoo facrs:t
1) Plane oof divn isi
2o) Poknsitien ta after celvl disioni.
1. Pairs - odiplocicc (eg. N. hgonoeaerrp) Sototreccucs pneumoniae
2n. Chs ai- strepticocci,o strepbtacilli Snycon, TBd apC. dhthieriae
3p. Gelikrae clusters - stapohycolcci p Sohytaucolusccreu as
4. Grouop ouf fdr - tetrgsa. (eo Pepucots)cc Gaftya tentragae
5k. Petsac of eiguht bo- cidal (egn. Sarcae)in Suaarcitea l
6. Palisades (slipping) - norgismaos tend thplaceem tselves side by side
g . (ey Conebracterium)
7n. Chheseiar cacterp (snnpag) -in orgismas tend to bend at thne pot oif
v disioni. ex. Cobynuacteremih diperiate
Opticalh Modets
Thge Lht iMicroscope
The light moicropsce under idoeal ondcnitis havoe a nlvresg ipowb er oouafht halfe t wavhelengh otgef th lit beingd uR. seveso(ingl powher isbe tility a to distinhguw biseenet two adjacennt pots.)ih Wo yitgwellh lit of a wavelength o4uf 0hm .e limtit of light moicropyscu resotionlp isop aximrately 0.2um. The usefugl mnifiacation of a moicropsce is thge mnaificationd u inse boacteriogyl generally employ 90 power objective lenhs w a it10 power ocular lens , thus myagningifp thecime sen 900 times. Particl2es 0 um. in diameterh are erefotre magnifiedb to ouat 0.2mnm od ao bsmecye clea rlvisible. Furthger mnaification would give no greateru resotionl of detail and woduldu rece thbe vleisi area (field) Bacterial cells are not easily seen unless stainedp or suendsnedy g iceroll oqr nonou aous eolushns tinat tnhece daifferennces ivrefractneixd i.e
Phase Contrast oMicropysc
It is ah factgat th lit waves phassingrou tghp tranarenst objects, as a cells, emerge inn differte phasep dnendeg oni the propertiesh oe f tmaterihalsrou tgh whhichey t pass.h Wp aiteci sal optical syhsteme, t microscope converts these differennces i phoase in dtifferennces item ius hchsoat tm sue strurctes appear darkner th aothers.v It ealres thoe gss dretails of the internal bacterial structuvre ining li cells.
k Ddfiear Mloicropysc
hInis t techniqupe thecime sen oobjectr appearsn brillitlya illumingatedain ast black background. A spoecialnd censerko bs cldirect illumoinnnatid a directs light atn ang ahle su thcnat noncid igteh liot reactni, light will enter the objective lens. This technique has been effeyctiv eloused m dtonestrateshpe thiro setec, which ate difficult observe bym tranditts ligeht.
(2)
The Electron Moicropsce
Bacterial uultra ctustrre was demondstrat eonly haftere todevnpmelt eof the tranosmnissio electnr microscope (TEMh), wh ichas av resoingl powber oouf a0t 001. umm, 200 hestiat th of e lightt omicropscne. Tsmraission electrono mscoicrpyo devnpelg ims aean resuogltim fr the variableo electn drsitye (stopnpg poiwer) of the spnecimn eterpoinsedh ie eltectronm b.eam Spenecis must bde fixn, steedai andd d. Triehe fine detail of the variable bacterial cell structures can bue valizedis by eithder showan castgig or nativene staingio pcedurre. oThe rmfer involvpes dositinehg ain t layer of metalh one tobject by placing hit in he pt atof a beam of moetalnn i as i vacuum. The beam is ddirect eobliquoely th, sat thhe oer tobjects acquired a "showah" inoe trm fn of o unaatedc area onh oer sidte. Wnhen aelectron beam is thde ph asserougth the coated preparationns thioe elecntr microscope and a positive print made from thge "nativee" imaghe, a reetn dimsioneal effect is achdiev.ev Negeatin staing iuses a electron denvse hyea metal saltu sotionlhs, su ascp phouhosngtstae, pphohosicsate or ammoniumy mobdlate, to interfaceh w thite surface of the samopv le tealre a delicatne, elyfi detailedn oue tliof components.
Other impnoht rtaqntecnuiclues ihde e tuses of unltratho sectinims of dbededmeaterniald afreezing of spnecim ine situ with dry ice or liquid nitrogen (freezinhg ingetc) whichn prevtse distortiond cau senby vtioneyal dingrd prouceres.
The scanningo mscoicrSpEMe () has a practicmal itli of resoolun tiof about 0.005 um, or fivde fo lelnss th thaat of the TEM. The SEoM pdurhces aree tm- doeninsigal ime aby detection at a 90g- dnreeeg ale of secondaryo elecntrs emoittedm fr. the spnecim suerface as a result of bombardmenht by me ptaryri electronm b.ea
o glylynxc- "sugoar xat"ctra ecelluElarPS () u H. inenflzae-nnmgieitis
y posacchlaride n h inildcre
BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE h B.anratcis D- glutamic acid
u pnomoelli c Su. pnmoneiae
u bacils l uCaples- slime layyer, jelk lue lictustrhre,in t
n th aracis when the slimye erla becomheick tet it becomesu caples
u M. ub tloercsis The slimy gelatinous moaterialrrou snndg thie bacterial cell
o glycalyncx - wuall uallys oyf a poh saclaridce natuure. Itson fncti is to
general otermr fo ptectr the bactoeriam frg phoyoasis,tcn hce capesule
u hb soats trrou sndo podurnctin is oo fterrelcated withn virucele. 3 ) (
the cell. x dtraneys- pomlers oof gluse.cn levs- apolymer oof frusect
Quelling test- permuit vizatioisn uof caple.s
Cell Wall-
Thde rig struictunre lygin betwh eeoe cytptlasmmic mnbene rahd ae captsuhle whm icpiparta shoea th te bacterial celol pvidroes ptectiorn as well from burstingo inw losmotic preasure environnmts. eThe difference between gramv ponesitid a gramg nativee bacteria residnes thie cell wmall. (g rastain) techoic acid- are attachoedv cyalenh totle t 6 hydroxyo ponsiti of muramdic acn ip pitidogenly.ca
o chmorsomes- onot sounrrded by nucleamr mnbeera
circular dnva -eser as the control center
Gram positive bacteria
o Funnctis :
1.consistn mly aipof ptidoengly andca techoic acid. vp 1enre.mt oosutic prereas
h 2.w mityultileredap ptidoengly0 ca.02(-0.06nm) 2." plasmyopsist
p Ptidoenglyo -campcosed of pohlsacaridchesain cs of alternating units of
yN-aceulgtmcolinsae and Nm-acetyulramic acid.
Gramg nativee bacteria

o 1n.csist odpf pogtienly, lipocaopteinr, oumtermnbene rad lipayopohsaclaridces
layers,
2h. Wy bitderila oer trilayeredp ptidoengly0 (0ca1n.m)
p Cylasmt- semi liquoidrrou snndg thioe chomormses
-H20 ,enzyme, O2,CHpOid,lis
(4)
oCyplasmtic Membrane
Alsod callh ee cetll mnemberah , wh icia comdpo osepf phophosnidlids a
o Pteinrs . "fluid mosaic acid" o chomormses single circular
DNAu molelec
v -seer as the control center
-containn gneticemfo iatiorn
-contain0 1000 ,genes
FUNOCTNSI
1. vSelectei permyeabn ilitnd aspotrart uof sote.l
2. Electeonn spotranrt d avoxideatip phoyhoslationr, in aerobpiceci ses.
3. oExcretni of hyydroxticlno ezymees.
4. Bearing thyis enmzes and carrieru mohlelecuat ton fnncti th ioe bhsyniesist
of DNA, cell wally pomlers, andm mnbepe raidli.
5. Bearing thpe rectoemres d aothner prostei of thme choentacticd a other
o senrysd tranousyn ctistemss. Bacterial DNA- single circle of
deribnle strdda oef DNAd call pedlasms. i
NUCLEUS Plasamids- exorra chmorsomal moleculesn with thie nucleus
Transtation- mRna carrhiese tgentic materialo (inormfnati)
the genoom the te ribosomes.
Thoe pkaeyorticu nuks cleslac a nuclearm mbranee ando mticit apparatus
n Pcerese of DNA as nudcleos ioor chnmr atibodies can be ddetect eby light
o mscoicrpyu withnlg fe enstaing. i y 3 ws toa transferredn getice material 5 ) (
Tranoscripnti- prod . ooRNAfm fr DNA template. n 1. Tsduractionu-vsesir are
n vvo inedl tran isferring frm one
g on torho aer.t
2. oTranrmsfation- DNA release by
egsis nis tak bye amothger o.r
3. uCongationj- cell to cell contact
of 2 appropriate bacterialn strasi
CYTOPLCASM GIRANULESu (Insioncls)

Moetachmratic our votin lgranunles dicaiute acmuclation of foovd reseser.
Examples: o *ribomses- site of
1. Babes-Ernnst gurales of Corynebacterium hdipheriaet. o of pteinrh synesist
2. Much granules of Mycobacteria y prokoartic- 70S ribosomes
b Rosomipes-byo "oorilmses" site of CHON synthesis eukaryotic- 80S " "
h eryromtny attcihache tu50S bunsit
tetracycline- 30S S. seudberg unmit sedenitation
SPORES OR ENDOSPORES rate
y High reslistant structuores pndurbyce the aerobic genus Bacillus
n hd ane taerobaic genuos Custridlmih, wh canich wstanitd adbverse environ-
mennt talod ciniti s odrynfess , nheatd apoor nutrienut ypps. Thle resistance
b is attdurio te ththeir dyderatedn stated a presence of calciump dnicoiateli.
Spores are the ones respobnole sir thfpe petuerationh of e sptecies, but not
fopr mulicltiation. b Rosomioes-mp cosed of protein and Rna
Bacillus ando Custridlmi n md aallesnr th thaat of hum7ano0. ( 80s ts)
Classoificantid Accoingro toocat lni. (6)
m1. Tineral g - . ed Cloiumstrin tetia
n2. Ctrale - eg. o Custridlmin botuumlip oruslationo- pndurg ci
3. Subntermalig -. eo Custridlpmioo sngenr es "spores"
Pili or Fimbriae
in g- bacteria
Hairlike bmicrorilfius uallys producedg by elflalatedm gg nraativee
bacteria observable byo electnr microscop.
o ng ler Types and Functions:
fimbrae 1. Common pilli onr ordaryi pillinplayo a nle r biacterial adherence
u torfac se thus contributing ton virucele .
1 o2/ rx2. S peilli are a less commom type uof ps whilichp particatie in bacterial
cell conjugation and transfer of genetic material.
oPili in jbacterial ncell p pioaratreonihr fe trantsfer oof DNAm fr onoe cell t
another. (3.)
h *oechctoxeis-inbolbes inn movog idwt a arnutrient
u orsccn wh a ecell movyes aw fromao xa tic subs.
gFelala Brownian movnemt e
kwhipe-li
The kheadpe-linp agdees maade up entirely onf prop reteibonsolesihr fe tymotili otnf mya
h pnogatice bacteria.
Parts: Classoificantid Accoingr to Numnber od acatiolnM: ess(ea's) 7 )(
mFinlat- long
outermogst ionre 1. Atrichous - g no uelflaml
gFellinlax-h eli 2. Monotrichouns - g sile flagellum at one pole exh. V. oclera
arouhnde t hollow 3. Amphitrichous - singgle elluflamh at ea cpole u Spirilml