Table Of Content

South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio A study guide for the Radio Amateur Examination Edition 1.2 January 2016 ISBN 978-0-620-69471-1 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 1 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... 2 Version Control .................................................................................................................... 10 Preface .................................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1: Overview of Amateur Radio .............................................................................. 12 Communicating With Other Amateurs ............................................................................ 12 Collecting QSL Cards ...................................................................................................... 12 Building Radio and Electronics Equipment ..................................................................... 13 Building Antennas ............................................................................................................ 13 Public Service and Emergency Communications ............................................................ 13 DXing ............................................................................................................................... 13 DXpeditions ..................................................................................................................... 14 Contests ............................................................................................................................ 14 Satellite Communications ................................................................................................ 14 Maritime and Off-Road Communications ....................................................................... 14 Licence Requirements in South Africa ............................................................................ 14 The Class A Licence (ZR or ZS callsign) .................................................................... 15 The Class B Licence (ZU callsign) .............................................................................. 15 The Radio Amateurs’ Examination .................................................................................. 15 Restrictions on the Use of an Amateur Radio Station ...................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Operating Procedures ......................................................................................... 17 International Regulations ................................................................................................. 17 The ITU ........................................................................................................................ 17 CEPT ............................................................................................................................ 17 The IARU ..................................................................................................................... 18 Callsigns ....................................................................................................................... 18 HF Phone Procedures ....................................................................................................... 19 The Phonetic Alphabet ................................................................................................. 19 Initiating Contacts ........................................................................................................ 20 Responding to a CQ ..................................................................................................... 20 Exchanging Reports ..................................................................................................... 21 Ending the QSO ........................................................................................................... 22 After the Contact .......................................................................................................... 23 What Not to Do ............................................................................................................ 23 Telegraphy Procedures ..................................................................................................... 23 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 23 Initiating Contacts ........................................................................................................ 24 Replying to a CQ .......................................................................................................... 25 Quick turnaround ......................................................................................................... 26 Ending the QSO ........................................................................................................... 26 Repeater Procedures ......................................................................................................... 27 Emergency Communications and Social Responsibility ................................................. 28 General Points .................................................................................................................. 29 Exchanging QSL Cards .................................................................................................... 30 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 3: Basic Electrical Concepts ................................................................................... 41 Atoms and Electrons ........................................................................................................ 41 Conductors and Insulators ................................................................................................ 41 Electric Current ................................................................................................................ 42 Electric Potential .............................................................................................................. 42 Units and Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 43 Scientific Notation ........................................................................................................... 43 Number Formats .............................................................................................................. 44 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 2 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Summary .......................................................................................................................... 44 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 4: Resistance and Ohm’s Law ................................................................................ 46 Symbols in Mathematical Equations ................................................................................ 46 Rearranging Ohm’s Law .................................................................................................. 47 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 47 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 5: The Resistor and Potentiometer ......................................................................... 50 Different Types of Resistor .............................................................................................. 50 The Resistor Colour Code ................................................................................................ 51 Expressing Resistor Values .............................................................................................. 52 The Potentiometer ............................................................................................................ 52 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 53 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 6: Direct Current Circuits ....................................................................................... 55 Kirchoff’s Laws ............................................................................................................... 55 Resistors in Series ............................................................................................................ 57 Resistors in Parallel .......................................................................................................... 59 Practical Example......................................................................................................... 60 The Voltage Divider ......................................................................................................... 61 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 62 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 7: Power in DC Circuits ......................................................................................... 64 Power Dissipation in Resistances..................................................................................... 64 Using Ohm’s Law with the Formula for Power ............................................................... 64 Exercise ........................................................................................................................ 65 Electrical Sources ............................................................................................................. 65 Matching Source and Load .............................................................................................. 66 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 67 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 8: Alternating Current............................................................................................. 70 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 70 The Sine Signal ................................................................................................................ 70 Cycles and Half Cycles .................................................................................................... 72 Period and Frequency ....................................................................................................... 72 Wavelength and the Speed of Light ................................................................................. 72 Phase ................................................................................................................................ 74 RMS Voltage and Current ................................................................................................ 74 Frequency Ranges ............................................................................................................ 76 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 76 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 9: Capacitance and the Capacitor ........................................................................... 79 Capacitors in AC Circuits ................................................................................................ 80 Reactance ......................................................................................................................... 81 Phase of Current and Voltage .......................................................................................... 82 Capacitors in Parallel and Series ...................................................................................... 83 Types of Capacitor ........................................................................................................... 84 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 84 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 10: Inductance and the Inductor ............................................................................. 87 Inductor Values ................................................................................................................ 88 Inductors in AC Circuits .................................................................................................. 88 Inductive Reactance ......................................................................................................... 89 Ohm’s Law and Reactance............................................................................................... 89 Phase Relationship between Voltage and Current ........................................................... 89 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 3 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Inductors in Series and Parallel ........................................................................................ 90 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 90 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 11: Tuned Circuits .................................................................................................. 92 Reactances in Series ......................................................................................................... 92 Reactances in Parallel ...................................................................................................... 93 The Series Tuned Circuit ................................................................................................. 93 The Parallel Tuned Circuit ............................................................................................... 95 Circulating Current in a Parallel Tuned Circuit ............................................................... 96 Calculating the Resonant Frequency ................................................................................ 97 Circuit Losses and the Quality Factor .............................................................................. 98 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 98 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 12: Decibel Notation............................................................................................. 100 Adding Decibels ............................................................................................................. 100 Example ..................................................................................................................... 100 Representing Losses ....................................................................................................... 100 Example ..................................................................................................................... 101 Quick and Easy Decibel Conversions ............................................................................ 101 Expressing Voltage Ratios as Decibels .......................................................................... 102 Expressing Power Levels in dBW and dBm .................................................................. 103 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 103 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 104 Chapter 13: Filters .............................................................................................................. 105 The Lowpass Filter ......................................................................................................... 105 The Highpass Filter ........................................................................................................ 106 The Bandpass Filter ....................................................................................................... 107 Crystal Filters ................................................................................................................. 109 The Bandstop Filter ........................................................................................................ 109 More Sophisticated Filters ............................................................................................. 110 Practical RF Circuits ...................................................................................................... 110 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 111 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 111 Chapter 14: The Transformer ............................................................................................. 113 Theory of Operation ....................................................................................................... 113 Turns Ratio ..................................................................................................................... 113 Voltage Ratio ................................................................................................................. 114 Current Ratio .................................................................................................................. 115 Impedance Ratio ............................................................................................................ 116 Applications ................................................................................................................... 117 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 117 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 118 Chapter 15: Semiconductors and the Diode ....................................................................... 120 Semiconductors .............................................................................................................. 120 N-Type Semiconductors............................................................................................. 120 P-Type Semiconductors ............................................................................................. 120 The Junction Diode ........................................................................................................ 121 The Half-Wave Rectifier ................................................................................................ 123 The Full-Wave Rectifier ................................................................................................ 125 Special Diodes ................................................................................................................ 126 The Zener Diode ........................................................................................................ 126 The Varicap Diode ..................................................................................................... 127 Diodes as Switches ..................................................................................................... 128 The Light-Emitting Diode .......................................................................................... 129 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 129 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 4 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 130 Chapter 16: The Power Supply .......................................................................................... 132 A Regulated Power Supply ............................................................................................ 132 Switching Power Supplies ............................................................................................. 133 Batteries ......................................................................................................................... 135 Recharging ................................................................................................................. 135 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 136 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 136 Chapter 17: The Bipolar Junction Transistor ..................................................................... 138 Operation of the NPN Transistor ................................................................................... 138 Operation of the PNP Transistor .................................................................................... 139 The Transistor Switch .................................................................................................... 140 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 141 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 141 Chapter 18: The Transistor Amplifier ................................................................................ 143 Class C Amplifiers ......................................................................................................... 143 The Class A Common-Emitter Amplifier ...................................................................... 145 The Common-Collector (Emitter Follower) Amplifier .................................................. 147 The Common Base Amplifier ........................................................................................ 147 The Class AB Amplifier ................................................................................................ 148 Field-Effect Transistors .................................................................................................. 149 Thermionic Tubes .......................................................................................................... 149 Integrated Circuits .......................................................................................................... 150 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 151 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 152 Chapter 19: The Oscillator ................................................................................................. 154 Principle of Operation .................................................................................................... 154 The Barkhausen Criteria for Oscillation ........................................................................ 155 The Colpitts Oscillator ................................................................................................... 156 Buffering ........................................................................................................................ 157 The Hartley Oscillator .................................................................................................... 158 The Voltage-Controlled Oscillator ................................................................................. 159 The Crystal Oscillator .................................................................................................... 159 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 160 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 161 Chapter 20: Frequency Translation .................................................................................... 163 The Frequency Multiplier .............................................................................................. 163 The Frequency Divider .................................................................................................. 165 The Phase Locked Loop Frequency Synthesiser............................................................ 165 The Mixer ....................................................................................................................... 167 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 169 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 169 Chapter 21: Modulation Methods ...................................................................................... 171 Amplitude Modulation (AM) ......................................................................................... 171 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Modulation ........................................................ 175 Single-Sideband (SSB) .................................................................................................. 177 Continuous Wave (CW) ................................................................................................. 178 Frequency Modulation (FM) .......................................................................................... 179 Digital Modulation Techniques...................................................................................... 181 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) .................................................................................. 181 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK).......................................................................................... 181 WSJT .......................................................................................................................... 181 Error Correction ......................................................................................................... 182 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 182 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 183 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 5 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Chapter 22: The Transmitter .............................................................................................. 186 A Single-Band CW Transmitter ..................................................................................... 186 An Amplitude-Modulated (AM) Transmitter ................................................................ 186 A Simple SSB Transmitter ............................................................................................. 188 A Frequency-Synthesised VHF FM Transmitter ........................................................... 189 Chapter 23: Receiver Fundamentals .................................................................................. 191 Noise in Receivers ......................................................................................................... 191 Receiver Characteristics ................................................................................................. 192 Selectivity ................................................................................................................... 192 Sensitivity ................................................................................................................... 192 Dynamic range ........................................................................................................... 192 The Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver ................................................................ 192 The Direct-Conversion Receiver .................................................................................... 193 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 198 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 198 Chapter 24: The Superheterodyne Receiver ...................................................................... 201 The Single-Conversion Superhet ................................................................................... 201 Multiple-Conversion Superhet Receivers ...................................................................... 203 Noise Limiters and Noise Blankers ................................................................................ 204 Frequency Modulation (FM) Reception ......................................................................... 205 Reciprocal Mixing .......................................................................................................... 207 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 207 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 207 Chapter 25: Transceivers and Transverters ........................................................................ 211 The Transverter .............................................................................................................. 212 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 213 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 214 Chapter 26: Antennas ......................................................................................................... 215 The Half-Wave Dipole ................................................................................................... 215 The Quarter-Wavelength Vertical .................................................................................. 221 The Ground Plane Antenna ............................................................................................ 222 Short Antennas ............................................................................................................... 223 Loop Antennas ............................................................................................................... 223 Folded Dipole ................................................................................................................. 224 Multi-element arrays ...................................................................................................... 224 The Yagi ......................................................................................................................... 226 Reflector Antennas ......................................................................................................... 228 Antenna Gain ................................................................................................................. 228 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ............................................................................... 229 Efficiency ....................................................................................................................... 229 Directivity as Opposed to Gain ...................................................................................... 230 Other Performance Measures ......................................................................................... 230 Stacking .......................................................................................................................... 231 Standing-Wave Ratio ..................................................................................................... 231 Feedlines ........................................................................................................................ 231 Balanced feeders ........................................................................................................ 231 Coaxial cables ............................................................................................................ 232 Waveguides ................................................................................................................ 232 Baluns ............................................................................................................................ 232 Multiband Antennas ....................................................................................................... 233 Antenna Tuning Unit.................................................................................................. 233 Fan Dipole .................................................................................................................. 234 Traps........................................................................................................................... 234 Multiple Resonances .................................................................................................. 235 The Log-Periodic Array ................................................................................................. 235 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 6 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Summary ........................................................................................................................ 236 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 237 Chapter 27: Propagation ..................................................................................................... 241 Direct Wave (line of Sight) Propagation ........................................................................ 241 Ground Wave Propagation ............................................................................................. 241 The Atmosphere ............................................................................................................. 242 Sky Wave (Ionospheric) Propagation ............................................................................ 243 Exotic Ionospheric Propagation Modes ......................................................................... 245 Sporadic E Propagation .............................................................................................. 245 Backscatter ................................................................................................................. 246 Meteor Scatter ............................................................................................................ 246 Auroral Scatter ........................................................................................................... 246 Tropospheric Bending, Scatter and Ducting .................................................................. 246 Earth Moon Earth (EME) ............................................................................................... 247 Amateur Satellites .......................................................................................................... 247 Propagation Prediction ................................................................................................... 247 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 248 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 250 Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Compatibility ....................................................................... 252 Intentional and Unintentional Radiators ........................................................................ 252 Interference to non-receiving equipment ....................................................................... 252 Intentional Radiators interfering with Receivers ........................................................... 253 Shared Bands.................................................................................................................. 253 Causes of Interference .................................................................................................... 254 Transmitter Defects ........................................................................................................ 254 Receiver Defects ............................................................................................................ 256 Assessing Interference Sources .................................................................................. 256 Common-Mode Chokes ................................................................................................. 257 Direct Radiation and Shielding ...................................................................................... 257 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 258 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 259 Chapter 29: Measurements ................................................................................................. 265 The Ammeter ................................................................................................................. 265 The Voltmeter ................................................................................................................ 265 The Multimeter .............................................................................................................. 266 Frequency Counter ......................................................................................................... 266 Power and SWR Meter .................................................................................................. 266 The Oscilloscope ............................................................................................................ 267 Marker Generator ........................................................................................................... 267 The Dip Meter ................................................................................................................ 267 The Dummy Load .......................................................................................................... 267 The Field Strength Meter ............................................................................................... 268 The Absorption Wavemeter ........................................................................................... 268 The Two-Tone Signal Generator ................................................................................... 268 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 269 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 270 Chapter 30: Digital Systems .............................................................................................. 273 Principles of Digital Signal Processing .......................................................................... 273 What is “Digital”? ...................................................................................................... 273 Number Systems ........................................................................................................ 274 Logic Operations ........................................................................................................ 275 Sampling .................................................................................................................... 278 Analogue to Digital Conversion ................................................................................. 279 Digital to Analogue Conversion ................................................................................. 280 Digital Filters ................................................................................................................. 280 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 7 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio IIR Filters ................................................................................................................... 281 FIR Filters .................................................................................................................. 282 Direct Digital Synthesis ................................................................................................. 283 The Fourier Transform ................................................................................................... 284 Convolution .................................................................................................................... 285 SDR Platforms ............................................................................................................... 285 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 285 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 287 Chapter 31: Digital Communication Modes ...................................................................... 289 Digital Modulation ......................................................................................................... 289 Text Modes .................................................................................................................... 289 Morse Telegraphy ...................................................................................................... 289 Radio Teletype (RTTY) ............................................................................................. 290 AMTOR ..................................................................................................................... 290 ASCII ......................................................................................................................... 291 Packet Radio .............................................................................................................. 291 APRS .......................................................................................................................... 293 PSK31 ........................................................................................................................ 293 WSJT .......................................................................................................................... 293 CLOVER .................................................................................................................... 294 PACTOR .................................................................................................................... 294 Image Modes .................................................................................................................. 294 Facsimile .................................................................................................................... 294 Slow-scan Television ................................................................................................. 295 Fast-Scan Television .................................................................................................. 296 Digital Voice—The Future? ........................................................................................... 296 VoIP—Voice over Internet Protocol .......................................................................... 297 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 297 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 298 Chapter 32: Safety Considerations ..................................................................................... 300 The Human Body ........................................................................................................... 300 Mains Power Supply ...................................................................................................... 300 High Voltages ................................................................................................................ 300 Lightning ........................................................................................................................ 301 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 301 Chapter 33: Before You Go ............................................................................................... 303 Writing the RAE ............................................................................................................ 303 The format of the examination ................................................................................... 303 Answering multiple-choice questions ........................................................................ 303 Appendix A: South African Radio Regulations ................................................................. 305 Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 305 Section 23: Amateur Radio Communications ................................................................ 307 Conditions for the Granting of an Amateur Radio Station Licence ........................... 307 Foreign Radio Amateur Operator ............................................................................... 307 Use of Amateur Radio Stations .................................................................................. 307 Communication by Amateur Radio Stations .............................................................. 307 Log book for Amateur Radio Station Activities ........................................................ 308 Terms and Conditions for Amateur Licences ............................................................ 309 Limitation in Respect of Transmissions by an amateur Radio Station ...................... 309 Transmissions Relating to Entertainment by an Amateur Radio Station ................... 309 Television Transmissions by an Amateur Radio Station ........................................... 310 Spread-Spectrum Communication ............................................................................. 310 Transmitter Power Output of Amateur Radio Stations .............................................. 310 Frequency Measuring Equipment .............................................................................. 310 Mobile Amateur Radio Station .................................................................................. 310 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 8 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Amateur Radio Operator Certificate .......................................................................... 310 Part 7: General Provisions .............................................................................................. 311 29. Allocation and Display of Call Sign .................................................................... 311 30. Modifications to a Station .................................................................................... 311 31. Interference, Condition of Station and Compliance with Requirements of the Authority and Local Municipality .............................................................................. 311 32. Indecent Language and Fraudulent Transmissions over Stations ........................ 311 33. Distress Signal ...................................................................................................... 312 34. Change of Contact Details ................................................................................... 312 35. Radio Receiving Apparatus with Continuous Tuning .......................................... 312 36. Operation of Radio Apparatus on Board Ship while it is in Harbour .................. 312 37. Recognition of Licences Issued by other Countries ............................................. 312 38. Possession of Radio Apparatus without Licence ................................................. 312 39. Radio Reception Blocking Devices...................................................................... 313 40. Licences for Trials, Experimentation and Demonstration of Systems ................. 313 Criteria for a Licence for a Trial for an Experimental or Demonstration System ...... 313 Part VIII: Other .............................................................................................................. 315 41. Rights ................................................................................................................... 315 41. Liability for Costs ................................................................................................ 315 42. Offences and Penalties ......................................................................................... 315 Annexure H: Table of Amateur Modes of Emission ...................................................... 316 Annexure I: Amateur Radio Frequency Bands .............................................................. 317 Appendix B: Glossary of Abbreviations ............................................................................ 318 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 9 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Version Control Version Date Description Contributors 1.0 2005 Original version of the “Radio Amateur Author Andrew Roos Examination Manual” ZS1AN 1.1 2009 Addition of digital systems Wessel du Preez ZS5BLY Peter Hers ZS6PHD Colin de Villiers ZS6COL Ean Retief ZS1PR George Honiball ZS6NE Mark Zank ZS6YES Maarten du Preez ZS6ZY Mickey Esterhuyzen ZS5QB Rassie Erasmus ZS1YT 1.2 2016 Renamed Chris R. Burger ZS6EZ “Introduction to Amateur Radio” Added preface With valuable input from Editorial revision and formatting Vincent Harrison ZS6BTY Rearranged chapters Added QSL cards and LotW Added field-effect transistors Added voltage sources and models Added description of sine function Added frequency ranges Added multi-pole filters and ringing Added practical components at RF Added light-emitting diodes Added battery capacity and recharging Added field-effect transistors Added thermionic tubes Added integrated circuits Added WSJT Added error correction Added receiver thermal noise Added Pi and T networks Added reciprocal mixing Added log-periodic arrays Added feeders, including waveguides Added VSWR Added antenna stacking and phasing Added multi-path and fading Added auroral scatter and backscatter Added propagation prediction and link budgets Added direct radiation and shielding Removed ASCII table Added convolution Added safety sections: human body, lightning Added description and use of callsigns Added emergency operations Added international regulations and IARU band plans Added SA regulations extract Added glossary of abbreviations The SARL gratefully acknowledges the American Radio Relay League’s permission to use diagrams in Chapter 30. Most of these diagrams were extracted from the ARRL book Experimental Methods in RF Design by Wes Hayward W7ZOI, Rick Campbell KK7B and Bob Larkin W7PUA. This version: 1.2.14 2016-01-21 The South African Radio League asserts its copyright of this text, 2005 to 2016. SARL, Box 1721, Strubensvallei, 1735 South Africa www.sarl.org.za V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 10

Description:
January 2016 Most of these diagrams were extracted from the ARRL book Experimental Andrew Roos, then ZS1AN, produced most of this study guide around 2005. Examination Certificate (HAREC) syllabus. 3 dB (the half-power point), while I have chosen to measure the stopband from
ebook img

Introduction Amateur Radio PDF

316 Pages·2016·4.61 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Introduction Amateur Radio

South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio A study guide for the Radio Amateur Examination Edition 1.2 January 2016 ISBN 978-0-620-69471-1 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 1 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... 2 Version Control .................................................................................................................... 10 Preface .................................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 1: Overview of Amateur Radio .............................................................................. 12 Communicating With Other Amateurs ............................................................................ 12 Collecting QSL Cards ...................................................................................................... 12 Building Radio and Electronics Equipment ..................................................................... 13 Building Antennas ............................................................................................................ 13 Public Service and Emergency Communications ............................................................ 13 DXing ............................................................................................................................... 13 DXpeditions ..................................................................................................................... 14 Contests ............................................................................................................................ 14 Satellite Communications ................................................................................................ 14 Maritime and Off-Road Communications ....................................................................... 14 Licence Requirements in South Africa ............................................................................ 14 The Class A Licence (ZR or ZS callsign) .................................................................... 15 The Class B Licence (ZU callsign) .............................................................................. 15 The Radio Amateurs’ Examination .................................................................................. 15 Restrictions on the Use of an Amateur Radio Station ...................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Operating Procedures ......................................................................................... 17 International Regulations ................................................................................................. 17 The ITU ........................................................................................................................ 17 CEPT ............................................................................................................................ 17 The IARU ..................................................................................................................... 18 Callsigns ....................................................................................................................... 18 HF Phone Procedures ....................................................................................................... 19 The Phonetic Alphabet ................................................................................................. 19 Initiating Contacts ........................................................................................................ 20 Responding to a CQ ..................................................................................................... 20 Exchanging Reports ..................................................................................................... 21 Ending the QSO ........................................................................................................... 22 After the Contact .......................................................................................................... 23 What Not to Do ............................................................................................................ 23 Telegraphy Procedures ..................................................................................................... 23 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 23 Initiating Contacts ........................................................................................................ 24 Replying to a CQ .......................................................................................................... 25 Quick turnaround ......................................................................................................... 26 Ending the QSO ........................................................................................................... 26 Repeater Procedures ......................................................................................................... 27 Emergency Communications and Social Responsibility ................................................. 28 General Points .................................................................................................................. 29 Exchanging QSL Cards .................................................................................................... 30 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 3: Basic Electrical Concepts ................................................................................... 41 Atoms and Electrons ........................................................................................................ 41 Conductors and Insulators ................................................................................................ 41 Electric Current ................................................................................................................ 42 Electric Potential .............................................................................................................. 42 Units and Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 43 Scientific Notation ........................................................................................................... 43 Number Formats .............................................................................................................. 44 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 2 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Summary .......................................................................................................................... 44 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 4: Resistance and Ohm’s Law ................................................................................ 46 Symbols in Mathematical Equations ................................................................................ 46 Rearranging Ohm’s Law .................................................................................................. 47 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 47 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 5: The Resistor and Potentiometer ......................................................................... 50 Different Types of Resistor .............................................................................................. 50 The Resistor Colour Code ................................................................................................ 51 Expressing Resistor Values .............................................................................................. 52 The Potentiometer ............................................................................................................ 52 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 53 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 6: Direct Current Circuits ....................................................................................... 55 Kirchoff’s Laws ............................................................................................................... 55 Resistors in Series ............................................................................................................ 57 Resistors in Parallel .......................................................................................................... 59 Practical Example......................................................................................................... 60 The Voltage Divider ......................................................................................................... 61 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 62 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 7: Power in DC Circuits ......................................................................................... 64 Power Dissipation in Resistances..................................................................................... 64 Using Ohm’s Law with the Formula for Power ............................................................... 64 Exercise ........................................................................................................................ 65 Electrical Sources ............................................................................................................. 65 Matching Source and Load .............................................................................................. 66 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 67 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 67 Chapter 8: Alternating Current............................................................................................. 70 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 70 The Sine Signal ................................................................................................................ 70 Cycles and Half Cycles .................................................................................................... 72 Period and Frequency ....................................................................................................... 72 Wavelength and the Speed of Light ................................................................................. 72 Phase ................................................................................................................................ 74 RMS Voltage and Current ................................................................................................ 74 Frequency Ranges ............................................................................................................ 76 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 76 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 9: Capacitance and the Capacitor ........................................................................... 79 Capacitors in AC Circuits ................................................................................................ 80 Reactance ......................................................................................................................... 81 Phase of Current and Voltage .......................................................................................... 82 Capacitors in Parallel and Series ...................................................................................... 83 Types of Capacitor ........................................................................................................... 84 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 84 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 10: Inductance and the Inductor ............................................................................. 87 Inductor Values ................................................................................................................ 88 Inductors in AC Circuits .................................................................................................. 88 Inductive Reactance ......................................................................................................... 89 Ohm’s Law and Reactance............................................................................................... 89 Phase Relationship between Voltage and Current ........................................................... 89 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 3 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Inductors in Series and Parallel ........................................................................................ 90 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 90 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 91 Chapter 11: Tuned Circuits .................................................................................................. 92 Reactances in Series ......................................................................................................... 92 Reactances in Parallel ...................................................................................................... 93 The Series Tuned Circuit ................................................................................................. 93 The Parallel Tuned Circuit ............................................................................................... 95 Circulating Current in a Parallel Tuned Circuit ............................................................... 96 Calculating the Resonant Frequency ................................................................................ 97 Circuit Losses and the Quality Factor .............................................................................. 98 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 98 Revision Questions .......................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 12: Decibel Notation............................................................................................. 100 Adding Decibels ............................................................................................................. 100 Example ..................................................................................................................... 100 Representing Losses ....................................................................................................... 100 Example ..................................................................................................................... 101 Quick and Easy Decibel Conversions ............................................................................ 101 Expressing Voltage Ratios as Decibels .......................................................................... 102 Expressing Power Levels in dBW and dBm .................................................................. 103 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 103 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 104 Chapter 13: Filters .............................................................................................................. 105 The Lowpass Filter ......................................................................................................... 105 The Highpass Filter ........................................................................................................ 106 The Bandpass Filter ....................................................................................................... 107 Crystal Filters ................................................................................................................. 109 The Bandstop Filter ........................................................................................................ 109 More Sophisticated Filters ............................................................................................. 110 Practical RF Circuits ...................................................................................................... 110 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 111 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 111 Chapter 14: The Transformer ............................................................................................. 113 Theory of Operation ....................................................................................................... 113 Turns Ratio ..................................................................................................................... 113 Voltage Ratio ................................................................................................................. 114 Current Ratio .................................................................................................................. 115 Impedance Ratio ............................................................................................................ 116 Applications ................................................................................................................... 117 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 117 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 118 Chapter 15: Semiconductors and the Diode ....................................................................... 120 Semiconductors .............................................................................................................. 120 N-Type Semiconductors............................................................................................. 120 P-Type Semiconductors ............................................................................................. 120 The Junction Diode ........................................................................................................ 121 The Half-Wave Rectifier ................................................................................................ 123 The Full-Wave Rectifier ................................................................................................ 125 Special Diodes ................................................................................................................ 126 The Zener Diode ........................................................................................................ 126 The Varicap Diode ..................................................................................................... 127 Diodes as Switches ..................................................................................................... 128 The Light-Emitting Diode .......................................................................................... 129 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 129 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 4 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 130 Chapter 16: The Power Supply .......................................................................................... 132 A Regulated Power Supply ............................................................................................ 132 Switching Power Supplies ............................................................................................. 133 Batteries ......................................................................................................................... 135 Recharging ................................................................................................................. 135 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 136 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 136 Chapter 17: The Bipolar Junction Transistor ..................................................................... 138 Operation of the NPN Transistor ................................................................................... 138 Operation of the PNP Transistor .................................................................................... 139 The Transistor Switch .................................................................................................... 140 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 141 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 141 Chapter 18: The Transistor Amplifier ................................................................................ 143 Class C Amplifiers ......................................................................................................... 143 The Class A Common-Emitter Amplifier ...................................................................... 145 The Common-Collector (Emitter Follower) Amplifier .................................................. 147 The Common Base Amplifier ........................................................................................ 147 The Class AB Amplifier ................................................................................................ 148 Field-Effect Transistors .................................................................................................. 149 Thermionic Tubes .......................................................................................................... 149 Integrated Circuits .......................................................................................................... 150 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 151 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 152 Chapter 19: The Oscillator ................................................................................................. 154 Principle of Operation .................................................................................................... 154 The Barkhausen Criteria for Oscillation ........................................................................ 155 The Colpitts Oscillator ................................................................................................... 156 Buffering ........................................................................................................................ 157 The Hartley Oscillator .................................................................................................... 158 The Voltage-Controlled Oscillator ................................................................................. 159 The Crystal Oscillator .................................................................................................... 159 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 160 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 161 Chapter 20: Frequency Translation .................................................................................... 163 The Frequency Multiplier .............................................................................................. 163 The Frequency Divider .................................................................................................. 165 The Phase Locked Loop Frequency Synthesiser............................................................ 165 The Mixer ....................................................................................................................... 167 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 169 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 169 Chapter 21: Modulation Methods ...................................................................................... 171 Amplitude Modulation (AM) ......................................................................................... 171 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Modulation ........................................................ 175 Single-Sideband (SSB) .................................................................................................. 177 Continuous Wave (CW) ................................................................................................. 178 Frequency Modulation (FM) .......................................................................................... 179 Digital Modulation Techniques...................................................................................... 181 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) .................................................................................. 181 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK).......................................................................................... 181 WSJT .......................................................................................................................... 181 Error Correction ......................................................................................................... 182 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 182 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 183 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 5 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Chapter 22: The Transmitter .............................................................................................. 186 A Single-Band CW Transmitter ..................................................................................... 186 An Amplitude-Modulated (AM) Transmitter ................................................................ 186 A Simple SSB Transmitter ............................................................................................. 188 A Frequency-Synthesised VHF FM Transmitter ........................................................... 189 Chapter 23: Receiver Fundamentals .................................................................................. 191 Noise in Receivers ......................................................................................................... 191 Receiver Characteristics ................................................................................................. 192 Selectivity ................................................................................................................... 192 Sensitivity ................................................................................................................... 192 Dynamic range ........................................................................................................... 192 The Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver ................................................................ 192 The Direct-Conversion Receiver .................................................................................... 193 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 198 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 198 Chapter 24: The Superheterodyne Receiver ...................................................................... 201 The Single-Conversion Superhet ................................................................................... 201 Multiple-Conversion Superhet Receivers ...................................................................... 203 Noise Limiters and Noise Blankers ................................................................................ 204 Frequency Modulation (FM) Reception ......................................................................... 205 Reciprocal Mixing .......................................................................................................... 207 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 207 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 207 Chapter 25: Transceivers and Transverters ........................................................................ 211 The Transverter .............................................................................................................. 212 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 213 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 214 Chapter 26: Antennas ......................................................................................................... 215 The Half-Wave Dipole ................................................................................................... 215 The Quarter-Wavelength Vertical .................................................................................. 221 The Ground Plane Antenna ............................................................................................ 222 Short Antennas ............................................................................................................... 223 Loop Antennas ............................................................................................................... 223 Folded Dipole ................................................................................................................. 224 Multi-element arrays ...................................................................................................... 224 The Yagi ......................................................................................................................... 226 Reflector Antennas ......................................................................................................... 228 Antenna Gain ................................................................................................................. 228 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ............................................................................... 229 Efficiency ....................................................................................................................... 229 Directivity as Opposed to Gain ...................................................................................... 230 Other Performance Measures ......................................................................................... 230 Stacking .......................................................................................................................... 231 Standing-Wave Ratio ..................................................................................................... 231 Feedlines ........................................................................................................................ 231 Balanced feeders ........................................................................................................ 231 Coaxial cables ............................................................................................................ 232 Waveguides ................................................................................................................ 232 Baluns ............................................................................................................................ 232 Multiband Antennas ....................................................................................................... 233 Antenna Tuning Unit.................................................................................................. 233 Fan Dipole .................................................................................................................. 234 Traps........................................................................................................................... 234 Multiple Resonances .................................................................................................. 235 The Log-Periodic Array ................................................................................................. 235 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 6 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Summary ........................................................................................................................ 236 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 237 Chapter 27: Propagation ..................................................................................................... 241 Direct Wave (line of Sight) Propagation ........................................................................ 241 Ground Wave Propagation ............................................................................................. 241 The Atmosphere ............................................................................................................. 242 Sky Wave (Ionospheric) Propagation ............................................................................ 243 Exotic Ionospheric Propagation Modes ......................................................................... 245 Sporadic E Propagation .............................................................................................. 245 Backscatter ................................................................................................................. 246 Meteor Scatter ............................................................................................................ 246 Auroral Scatter ........................................................................................................... 246 Tropospheric Bending, Scatter and Ducting .................................................................. 246 Earth Moon Earth (EME) ............................................................................................... 247 Amateur Satellites .......................................................................................................... 247 Propagation Prediction ................................................................................................... 247 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 248 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 250 Chapter 28: Electromagnetic Compatibility ....................................................................... 252 Intentional and Unintentional Radiators ........................................................................ 252 Interference to non-receiving equipment ....................................................................... 252 Intentional Radiators interfering with Receivers ........................................................... 253 Shared Bands.................................................................................................................. 253 Causes of Interference .................................................................................................... 254 Transmitter Defects ........................................................................................................ 254 Receiver Defects ............................................................................................................ 256 Assessing Interference Sources .................................................................................. 256 Common-Mode Chokes ................................................................................................. 257 Direct Radiation and Shielding ...................................................................................... 257 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 258 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 259 Chapter 29: Measurements ................................................................................................. 265 The Ammeter ................................................................................................................. 265 The Voltmeter ................................................................................................................ 265 The Multimeter .............................................................................................................. 266 Frequency Counter ......................................................................................................... 266 Power and SWR Meter .................................................................................................. 266 The Oscilloscope ............................................................................................................ 267 Marker Generator ........................................................................................................... 267 The Dip Meter ................................................................................................................ 267 The Dummy Load .......................................................................................................... 267 The Field Strength Meter ............................................................................................... 268 The Absorption Wavemeter ........................................................................................... 268 The Two-Tone Signal Generator ................................................................................... 268 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 269 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 270 Chapter 30: Digital Systems .............................................................................................. 273 Principles of Digital Signal Processing .......................................................................... 273 What is “Digital”? ...................................................................................................... 273 Number Systems ........................................................................................................ 274 Logic Operations ........................................................................................................ 275 Sampling .................................................................................................................... 278 Analogue to Digital Conversion ................................................................................. 279 Digital to Analogue Conversion ................................................................................. 280 Digital Filters ................................................................................................................. 280 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 7 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio IIR Filters ................................................................................................................... 281 FIR Filters .................................................................................................................. 282 Direct Digital Synthesis ................................................................................................. 283 The Fourier Transform ................................................................................................... 284 Convolution .................................................................................................................... 285 SDR Platforms ............................................................................................................... 285 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 285 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 287 Chapter 31: Digital Communication Modes ...................................................................... 289 Digital Modulation ......................................................................................................... 289 Text Modes .................................................................................................................... 289 Morse Telegraphy ...................................................................................................... 289 Radio Teletype (RTTY) ............................................................................................. 290 AMTOR ..................................................................................................................... 290 ASCII ......................................................................................................................... 291 Packet Radio .............................................................................................................. 291 APRS .......................................................................................................................... 293 PSK31 ........................................................................................................................ 293 WSJT .......................................................................................................................... 293 CLOVER .................................................................................................................... 294 PACTOR .................................................................................................................... 294 Image Modes .................................................................................................................. 294 Facsimile .................................................................................................................... 294 Slow-scan Television ................................................................................................. 295 Fast-Scan Television .................................................................................................. 296 Digital Voice—The Future? ........................................................................................... 296 VoIP—Voice over Internet Protocol .......................................................................... 297 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 297 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 298 Chapter 32: Safety Considerations ..................................................................................... 300 The Human Body ........................................................................................................... 300 Mains Power Supply ...................................................................................................... 300 High Voltages ................................................................................................................ 300 Lightning ........................................................................................................................ 301 Revision Questions ........................................................................................................ 301 Chapter 33: Before You Go ............................................................................................... 303 Writing the RAE ............................................................................................................ 303 The format of the examination ................................................................................... 303 Answering multiple-choice questions ........................................................................ 303 Appendix A: South African Radio Regulations ................................................................. 305 Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 305 Section 23: Amateur Radio Communications ................................................................ 307 Conditions for the Granting of an Amateur Radio Station Licence ........................... 307 Foreign Radio Amateur Operator ............................................................................... 307 Use of Amateur Radio Stations .................................................................................. 307 Communication by Amateur Radio Stations .............................................................. 307 Log book for Amateur Radio Station Activities ........................................................ 308 Terms and Conditions for Amateur Licences ............................................................ 309 Limitation in Respect of Transmissions by an amateur Radio Station ...................... 309 Transmissions Relating to Entertainment by an Amateur Radio Station ................... 309 Television Transmissions by an Amateur Radio Station ........................................... 310 Spread-Spectrum Communication ............................................................................. 310 Transmitter Power Output of Amateur Radio Stations .............................................. 310 Frequency Measuring Equipment .............................................................................. 310 Mobile Amateur Radio Station .................................................................................. 310 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 8 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Amateur Radio Operator Certificate .......................................................................... 310 Part 7: General Provisions .............................................................................................. 311 29. Allocation and Display of Call Sign .................................................................... 311 30. Modifications to a Station .................................................................................... 311 31. Interference, Condition of Station and Compliance with Requirements of the Authority and Local Municipality .............................................................................. 311 32. Indecent Language and Fraudulent Transmissions over Stations ........................ 311 33. Distress Signal ...................................................................................................... 312 34. Change of Contact Details ................................................................................... 312 35. Radio Receiving Apparatus with Continuous Tuning .......................................... 312 36. Operation of Radio Apparatus on Board Ship while it is in Harbour .................. 312 37. Recognition of Licences Issued by other Countries ............................................. 312 38. Possession of Radio Apparatus without Licence ................................................. 312 39. Radio Reception Blocking Devices...................................................................... 313 40. Licences for Trials, Experimentation and Demonstration of Systems ................. 313 Criteria for a Licence for a Trial for an Experimental or Demonstration System ...... 313 Part VIII: Other .............................................................................................................. 315 41. Rights ................................................................................................................... 315 41. Liability for Costs ................................................................................................ 315 42. Offences and Penalties ......................................................................................... 315 Annexure H: Table of Amateur Modes of Emission ...................................................... 316 Annexure I: Amateur Radio Frequency Bands .............................................................. 317 Appendix B: Glossary of Abbreviations ............................................................................ 318 V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 9 South African Radio League Introduction to Amateur Radio Version Control Version Date Description Contributors 1.0 2005 Original version of the “Radio Amateur Author Andrew Roos Examination Manual” ZS1AN 1.1 2009 Addition of digital systems Wessel du Preez ZS5BLY Peter Hers ZS6PHD Colin de Villiers ZS6COL Ean Retief ZS1PR George Honiball ZS6NE Mark Zank ZS6YES Maarten du Preez ZS6ZY Mickey Esterhuyzen ZS5QB Rassie Erasmus ZS1YT 1.2 2016 Renamed Chris R. Burger ZS6EZ “Introduction to Amateur Radio” Added preface With valuable input from Editorial revision and formatting Vincent Harrison ZS6BTY Rearranged chapters Added QSL cards and LotW Added field-effect transistors Added voltage sources and models Added description of sine function Added frequency ranges Added multi-pole filters and ringing Added practical components at RF Added light-emitting diodes Added battery capacity and recharging Added field-effect transistors Added thermionic tubes Added integrated circuits Added WSJT Added error correction Added receiver thermal noise Added Pi and T networks Added reciprocal mixing Added log-periodic arrays Added feeders, including waveguides Added VSWR Added antenna stacking and phasing Added multi-path and fading Added auroral scatter and backscatter Added propagation prediction and link budgets Added direct radiation and shielding Removed ASCII table Added convolution Added safety sections: human body, lightning Added description and use of callsigns Added emergency operations Added international regulations and IARU band plans Added SA regulations extract Added glossary of abbreviations The SARL gratefully acknowledges the American Radio Relay League’s permission to use diagrams in Chapter 30. Most of these diagrams were extracted from the ARRL book Experimental Methods in RF Design by Wes Hayward W7ZOI, Rick Campbell KK7B and Bob Larkin W7PUA. This version: 1.2.14 2016-01-21 The South African Radio League asserts its copyright of this text, 2005 to 2016. SARL, Box 1721, Strubensvallei, 1735 South Africa www.sarl.org.za V1.2 © 2005to 2016 SARL 10

Description:
January 2016 Most of these diagrams were extracted from the ARRL book Experimental Andrew Roos, then ZS1AN, produced most of this study guide around 2005. Examination Certificate (HAREC) syllabus. 3 dB (the half-power point), while I have chosen to measure the stopband from
See more

The list of books you might like

Upgrade Premium
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.
DMCA & Copyright: Dear all, most of the website is community built, users are uploading hundred of books everyday, which makes really hard for us to identify copyrighted material, please contact us if you want any material removed.
Copyright @ PDFdrive.to, 2022 | We love our users