Introducing philosophy : a text with integrated readings PDF
Preview Introducing philosophy : a text with integrated readings
Property of MGCCC BOOKSTORE Rental books MUST BE RETURNED before the last day of class each semester. After this date, late fee(s) apply in accordance with bookstore policy. TAMPERING WITH THE SERIAL BAR CODE ON THE BOOK WILL RESULT IN THE STUDENT PAYING FULL RT IN ee KATH LE EN M. HIGGINS THE PRICE OF THE BOOK(S). MGCCC BARCODE LINKS ee : 3 THIS BOOK DIRECTLY TO THE STUDENTS ACCOUNT, MAKING #2037 eS ae -< ACH STUDENT RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR BOOK. js ee UNIVERSITY PRESS. | PAR ie Sue a Seas a ou oe INCFOAUCING PNATOSODNy IS IEES aT Welle UN SIE Ge Ag ED SReae bNeGS Tenth Edition Robert C. Solomon University of Texas at Austin Kathleen M. Higgins University of Texas at Austin Clancy Martin University of Missouri-Kansas City New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Solomon, Robert C. Introducing philosophy : a text with integrated readings / Robert C. Solomon, Kathleen M. Higgins, Clancy Martin. — 10th ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-19-976486-0 (alk. paper) 1. Philosophy—Introductions. I. Higgins, Kathleen Marie. I. Martin, Clancy W. III. Title. BD21.S629 2012 100—dc23 2011031839 ISBN 978-0-19-976486-0 De 7 © Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For our parents Vita P. Solomon (1916-2005) and Charles M. Solomon (1914-1986) Kathryn A. Higgins (1925-2003) and Eugene A. Higgins Anna Victoria Moody and John William Martin (1941-1997) Digitized by the Internet Archive In 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation httos://archive.org/details/introducingphilo0000solo_u0u7 ContenItn Bsri el Philosopher Biographies xv Preface xvii History of Philosophy xxiii INTRODUCTION 1 Part One |T he World and Beyond 41 1| RELIGION 43 2|REALITY 105 3|KNOWLEDGE 181 Part Two | Know Thyself 283 4|SELF 285 5|MIND AND BODY 332 6| FREEDOM 381 Part Three |T he Good andthe Right 445 7|ETHICS 447 8| JUSTICE 543 Glossary 599 Index 621 7 folate. Peatue ad —a : | - ed CORMENTS Philosopher Biographies xv Preface xvii History of Philosophy xxiii INTRODUCTION 1 A. Socrates 1 Aristophanes, from The Clouds 2 Plato, fromthe Apology 2 Plato, from the Crito 4 Plato, fromthe Phaedo 8 Plato, from the Republic 10 B. What Is Philosophy? 10 Plato, fromthe Apology 13 Karl Jaspers, from “The ‘Axial Period’'” 14 Laozi, from Dao De Jing 15 C. A Modern Approach to Philosophy 16 René Descartes, from Discourse on Method 21 D. A Brief Introduction to Logic 23 Key Terms 40 Bibliography and Further Reading 40 Part One |T he World and Beyond 41 CHAPTER1|RELIGION 43 A. What Is Religion? 43 John Wisdom, from “Gods” 44 Albert Einstein, On the Design of the Universe 46 Keiji Nishitani, from “What Is Religion?” 47 B. The Western Religions 49 C. Proving God: The Ontological Argument 52 St. Anselm, On the Ontological Argument 52 René Descartes, On the Ontological Argument 55 Immanuel Kant, Against the Ontological Argument 58 Vill | CONTENTS D. God as Creator: Intelligence and Design 60 St. Thomas Aquinas, On the Cosmological Argument 60 William Paley, “The Watch and the Watchmaker" 63 St. Thomas Aquinas, On the “Fifth Way” 66 David Hume, from Dialogues on Natural Religion 67 E. Religion, Morality, and Evil 69 Immanuel Kant, On God and Morality 70 William James, from “The Will to Believe” 72 St. Augustine, from Confessions 76 From the Bhagavadgita 83 F. Beyond Reason: Faith and Irrationality 85 Mohammad al-Ghazali, from The Deliverance from Error 87 Sgren Kierkegaard, On Subjective Truth 89 Paul Tillich, On the Ultimate Concern 92 G. Doubts about Religion 94 Fyodor Dostoyevsky, from The Brothers Karamazov 95 Karl Marx, from Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right 98 Friedrich Nietzsche, from Beyond Good and Evil 99 Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Antichrist 99 Friedrich Nietzsche, from The Gay Science 100 Sigmund Freud, from The Future of an Illusion 101 Summary and Conclusion 102 Chapter Review Questions 103 Key Terms 103 Bibliography and Further Reading 104 CHAPTER 2| REALITY 105 A. “The Way the World Really Is” 105 Aristotle, from Metaphysics 106 B. The First Greek Philosophers 107 Parmenides, from Fragments 115 C. Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia, and China 117 From Upanishads 118 From Zend-Avesta 120 From the Confucian Analects 122 Laozi, from Dao De Jing 123 Buddha, from "Fire-Sermon" 125 D. Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plate and Aristotle 126 Plato, from the Symposium 128 Plato, from the Republic 129 Plato, from the Meno 133 Aristotle, from Metaphysics 140 Aristotle, from Physics 141 Aristotle, from Metaphysics 145 E. Modern Metaphysics 147 René Descartes, On Substance 149
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