ebook img

Introduced leaf beetles of the maritime provinces, 3: The viburnum leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta Viburni (Paykull) (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) PDF

2007·4.4 MB·
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Introduced leaf beetles of the maritime provinces, 3: The viburnum leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta Viburni (Paykull) (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae)

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 109(2), 2007, pp. 454^62 INTRODUCED LEAF BEETLES OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES, THE 3: VIBURNUM LEAF BEETLE, PYRRHALTA VIBURNI (PAYKULL) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) Christopher G. Majka and Laurent LeSage (CGM) Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6 (e-mail: [email protected]); (LL) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0C6 — Abstract. Pyrrhalta vibiirni (PaykuU), the viburnum leaf beetle, is an introduced Palearctic leafbeetle established in northeastern and northwestern North America. It was first reported in Ontario in 1947 but did not create problems until 1978 when destruction of European varieties of viburnums was observed. It has subsequently been found in a number ofCanadian provinces and northeastern United States. It is herein newly reported from Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. In Nova Scotia, several localities are reported for the first time, while specimens collected in AnnapoHs Royal, in 1924, establish a new timeline for its occurrence on the continent. Two possible scenarios with respect to the origin and dispersal of P. viburni in the Maritimes are proposed and discussed. The systematic history of the genus is briefly recounted and the diagnostics ofthe genus and species are given. The occurrence of P. viburni on native and exotic species in the plant genus Viburnum is examined, and concerns are expressed with respect to its impact on native and cultivated varieties. Key Words: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Pyrrhalta viburni, viburnum leaf beetle, Canada, Maritime Provinces, introduced species Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) is an acci- Pyrrhalta viburni was first reported on dentally introduced Palearctic leafbeetle, the North American continent from which is now established in northeastern specimens collected in Fonthill in the and northwestern North America. In the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario in 1947 Old World, it is found throughout much (Sheppard 1955). In 1978, Becker (1979) of Europe (including Ireland and Great found the species established on the Britain) north to Fennoscandia and east southern side of the Ottawa River in across Russian Karelia to the Urals, Ottawa (Ontario), and on the northern Orenburg, and Kazan. The southern side in Hull (Quebec). Old scars on twigs limit of its distribution ranges from the of infested bushes indicated that the Pyrenees east through Liguria and the beetle had been present for several years southern Carpathians to the Black Sea, before the infestations were noticed. In Crimea, Georgia, and Dagestan in the 1993, it was reported in Halifax and Caucasus (Warchalowski 1994, Borowiec Dartmouth, Nova Scotia (Wheeler and 2005) Hoebeke 1994), and in 1994 it was found VOLUME NUMBER 109, 2 455 in Maine (Weston and Hoebeke 2003). It Hoebeke 2003, Weston and Diaz 2005). was recorded in New York (1996), Small and Catling (2005: 50) wrote that, Vermont (2000), Pennsylvania (2000), "Biologists have speculated that certain and Ohio (2002) by Weston and Hoe- species of Viburnum may become extir- beke (2003). In 2001, it was recorded in pated over parts of their range. The British Columbia (Gillespie 2001). More situation has been described as verging recently it has been reported in Connecti- on ecological disaster." cut (2004), Massachusetts (2004), New In this context, we examined the Hampshire (2005) and Vermont (2004) published records of this species from (Anonymous 2005). Weston and Diaz the Maritime Provinces of Canada. We (2005) predicted that "given its broad also studied recent and historical speci- distribution in Europe, it seems likely mens housed in various collections (see that this pest will become widely distrib- below). Our survey reveals that P. viburni uted in the United States, given the is more broadly distributed in this region abundance of suitable native host plants than hitherto known, and it has been such as Viburnum dentaturn and V. present for a significantly longer period opulus variety ainericanum throughout than previously reported. the eastern and northern halves, respec- tively, of the United States." Systematics Pyrrhalta viburni has been recorded from a large variety of hosts whose Pyrrhalta has a complicated taxonom- susceptibility to the beetle varies consid- ic history. De Joannis (1866) originally erably. Based on field observations, created it as a subgenus of Galeruca Weston and Desurmont (2002) reported Geoffroy, 1792. In the first edition ofthe that V. trilobum Marshall, V. opulus L., Coleopterorum Catalogus, Weise (1924) V. sargentii Koehne, V. rafinesquianum considered Pyrrhalta as monotypic, in- Schultes, V. recognitum Fernald, and V. cluding only P. viburni. Wilcox (1965) dentaturn L. were the most susceptible enlarged the genus considerably by in- hosts. In laboratory trials, they found V. cluding the subgenera Galerucella trilobum, V. sargentii, and V. prunifolium Crotch, Neogalerucella Chujo, Xantho- L. susceptible in varying degrees to larval galeruca Laboissierre, and Tricholoch- feeding, while V. wrightii Miq., V. maea Laboissiere. He maintained rough- plicatum (Thunb.), V. rhytidophylloides ly the same conception in the second J. Sur., V. carlesii Hemsl., and V. edition of the Coleopterorum Catalogus sieboldii Miq were resistant. Adults (Wilcox 1971). Ten years later, however, additionally fed to a substantial degree he included in Pyrrhalta only the Pale- on V. wrightii, V. rhytidophylloides, and arctic species and elevated to generic V. carlesii. Clark et al. (2004) addifion- level the subgenera of his first contribu- ally record P. viburni from V. acerifolium tion (Seeno and Wilcox 1982). LeSage L., V. dilatatum Thnb., V. lantana L., V. (1991) adopted these changes but lentago L., V. xpragense Decker, and V. Downie and Arnett (1996) continued to tinus L., although they did not specify use the broad conception of Pyrrhalta. susceptibility nor larval versus adult Recently Riley et al. (2002) largely consumption for these species. Concern followed the generic arrangement of has been expressed by a number of Seeno and Wilcox (1982), with only authors about the potential impact of slight modifications regarding Galeru- P. viburni on populations of Viburnum in cella Crotch and Neogalerucella Chujo. North America (Weston and Desurmont This new classification which was 2002, Weston et al. 2002, Weston and adopted for the Catalog ofLeaf Beetles 456 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON DHWC ofAmerica North ofMexico (Riley et al. David H. Webster Collection, 2003) reaches a broad consensus among Kentville, Nova Scotia those interested in leaf beetles in North GSC Gary Selig Collection, Bridge- America. water, Nova Scotia NSAC Nova Scotia Agricultural Col- Identification lege, Bible Hill, Nova Scotia The genus Pyrrhalta can be identified NSMC Nova Scotia Museum Collec- using a combination of external char- tion, Halifax, Nova Scotia acters: antennomere 4 longer than 2, the NSNR Nova Scotia Department of front coxae closed and not separated by Natural Resources, Shubena- the prosternum, tibial spurs present on cadie. Nova Scotia hind tibiae in both sexes, the inner margin of epipleuron is distinct to apex, elytra without distinct vittae, and elytral Locality Records punctation fine. Pyrrhalta vihurni has now been found At a specific level, P. vihurni is in the four Maritime Provinces: New distinguished by a golden pubescence Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward on the head, pronotum, and elytra. Island, and Newfoundland (Fig. 2). In Species in the genus Tricholochmciea total, 76 specimens were examined. Un- Laboissiere are also pubescent, but the less otherwise indicated, specimens are hairs are never golden. On the pronotum adults. In addition to the locality records of P. viburni, the pair of dark markings obtained from the specimens examined reach the lateral margins, but not in by the authors, the list below includes Tricholochmciea. In addition, the prono- localities reported in the literature. tum is twice as wide as long in Pyrrhalta, NEW BRUNSWICK: Charlotte Co.: whereas it is only 1.5 as wide as long in St. Stephen, 1995-2001, R.E. Hoebeke Tricholochmaea. The elytral punctures and A.G. Wheeler, (Hoebeke and Wheel- are coarse in Tricholochmaea but fine in er 2003); Saim John Co.: Saint John, Pyrrhalta. There are no vittae on the 1995-2001, R.E. Hoebeke and A.G. elytra as in most specimens of Ophraella Wheeler, (Hoebeke and Wheeler 2003); Wilcox, although the shoulders are often York Co.: Fredericton, 1995-2001, R.E. darkened (Fig. 1). Hoebeke and A.G. Wheeler, (Hoebeke NEWFOUND- and Wheeler 2003). Conventions LAND: St. John's, Long Pond, IX- Abbreviations of collections referred X.2001, D.J. Larson (4, CNC); St. to in the text are: John's, 2002, D.J. Larson (2, CNC). NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co.: Anna- ACNS Agriculture and Agri-Food polis Royal, 19.IX.1924, J.P. Spitall (1, Canada, Kentville, Nova Sco- ACNS); 1.X.1924, J.P. Spitall (4, ACNS); tia Halifax Co.: Halifax, 26.VI.1993, R.E. ACPE Agriculture and Agri-Food Hoebeke & A.G. Wheeler, (on) Vibur- Canada, Charlottetown, num opulus (1, CUIC); Dartmouth, Prince Edward Island 26.VI.1993, R.E. Hoebeke&A.G. Wheel- CGMC Christopher G. Majka Collec- er, (on) Viburnum opulus, (1, CUIC); tion, Halifax, Nova Scotia Point Pleasant Park: 9.IX.2001, C.G. CNC Canadian National Collection, Majka, swamp, low vegetation (1, Ottawa, Ontario CNC); ibid., 23.IX.1993, Barry Wright, CUIC Cornell University Insect Col- (on) Viburnum nudum (9, NSMC); ibid., lection, Ithaca, New York 25.IX.1993, Barry Wright, (on) Viburnum VOLUME NUMBER 109, 2 457 Fig. 1. Habitus photograph ofPyrrhalta viburni. 458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Cape Breton Island Fig. 2. Distribution ofPyrrhalta viburni in the Maritime Provinces. Closed circles indicate collection localities. Inset map: collection locality in Newfoundland. nudum (3, NSMC); ibid., 1.IX.2000, C.G. (2, ACPE); Charlottetown, 1995-2001, Majka, C.G. Majka, (on) Viburnum R.E. Hoebeke and A.G. Wheeler, (Hoe- nudum (1, CGMC); ibid., 10.VIII.2001, beke and Wheeler 2003); Cornwall, C.G. Majka, (on) Viburnum nudum (2, 28.VI.2005, defoliating snowballs, M.E. CGMC); ibid., 9.IX.2001, C.G. Majka, Smith (36 larvae, CNC). boggy area, deciduous vegetation (3, CGMC); ibid., 21.IX.2001, C.G. Majka, Discussion deciduous forest (3, CGMC); Herring An examination of Fig. 2 reveals that Cove: 29.IX.2002, C.G. Majka, coastal P. viburni has now been recorded from barrens (2, CGMC); Hants Co.: Windsor, a number of widely distributed localities 28.VII.1999, J. Ogden (2, NSNR); Pictou in the southern portions ofthe Maritime Co.: New Glasgow, 22.VIII.2002, S. Provinces and in Newfoundland. On the Wallis (8, NSNR); Lyons Brook, mainland, it has not been recorded in 30.VIII.2002, E. Georgeson (1, NSNR); northern New Brunswick (although col- Salt Springs, 16.VIII.2006, C.G. Majka, lecting effort in this area has been slight) defoliating Viburnumopulus(20, CGMC); nor on Cape Breton Island. Ofparticular Lunenburg Co.: Bridgewater, 23.IX.2002, note and interest are specimens collected G.D. Selig, defoliating Viburnum opulus by J.P. Spitall (a researcher with the (2, GSC). PRINCE EDWARD IS- Dominion Entomological Station [1911- LAND: Queens Co.: Charlottetown, 52] in Annapolis Royal) in Annapolis 6.VIII.1997, M.E.M. Smith, on Viburnum Royal, NS in 1924. These specimens VOLUME NUMBER 109, 2 459 extend by 23 years the known timeline of Table 1. Early records (date first recorded) of this species in North America. The adventive Coleoptera from Annapolis Royal, NS. question thus arises as to the possible origin of this population. In this context Anobiidae two possibilities present themselves. 1) Annapolis Royal is the site of one of the earliest European settlements in North America, established by French settlers in 1605. It was the military and administrative center of Acadia during parts of 17th century, and between 1710 and 1749 (until the establishment of Halifax) was the capital of Nova Scotia (which then included much of the Maritime Provinces). During this peri- od, there was an extensive trans-Atlan- tic commerce between Annapolis Royal and (particularly) French seaports (Cal- nek 1897). Indirect evidence indicates that this commerce had an effect on the fauna of the area. Of 161 species of beetles which have been collected in the Annapolis Royal area (ACNS, CNC, CGMC, DHWC, NSAC, NSMC), 47 species (29.2%) are introduced, Pale- arctic species, double the 14.8% overall ratio of introduced species in Nova Scotia (C. Majka, unpublished data). Many of these are synanthropic spe- cies or those associated with agricul- ture and/or horticulture. In many in- stances these specimens represent some of the earliest known records of these species in the province (Table 1), in- dicating an early and extensive history of introductions to the area. Thus, it is possible that P. viburni may have been imported to the Annapolis Royal area sometime during this early history of settlement. 2) Annapolis Royal was also the site (from 1885 to ~ 1945) of the Annapolis Royal Nurseries, the largest and most comprehensive horticultural nursery in eastern Canada (Clarke 1927). This nursery imported horticultural stock from throughout the world, propagated it, and sold plants throughout the Maritime Provinces (A. Wilson, pers. 460 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON comm.). In the nursey's catalogue as naturalized shrubs, and other species (Clarke 1927) three exotic Palearctic of Viburnum are grown in horticultural species of Viburnum were offered for sale contexts (Roland 1998, Hinds 1986). In (K opulus L., V. tomentosum Shasta, and the Maritime Provinces P. viburni has V. plicatwn Thunb.), suggesting the been recorded on V. opulus and V. possibility that P. viburni could have nudum, and V. acerifolium, V. dentatum, been imported in association with nurs- V. lanata, V. lentago, and V. recognitum ery stock of one of these species. are recorded hosts (Clark et al. 2004), Whether this early introduction to indicating that a substantial proportion Annapolis Royal was responsible for ofspecies in this region could be affected the subsequent occurrence of P. viburni by this beetle. at other locations in the Maritime Thus far, the impact of P. viburni in Provinces is uncertain. this region has not been noted to be Pyrrhalta viburniis one ofa substantial significant, although occasional signifi- number ofintroduced leafbeetles known cant defoliation of shrubs has been in the Maritime Provinces. In Nova reported (G. Selig pers. comm.). Weston Scotia, 25 of the 178 species of Chry- and Desurmont (2002) wrote that, "Vi- somelidae (14%) recorded in the prov- burnum leaf beetle has the potential to ince are introduced species, similar to the become a major landscape pest because 14.8% of the overall beetle fauna which ofits ability to kill susceptible viburnums is introduced (C. Majka, unpublished if allowed to defoliate shrubs for several data). Chrysolina staphylea L. (Evans years in succession." Young (2004) wrote 1899), Cassida rubiginosa Miiller (Brown that, "Heavy infestations ... could de- 1940), Longitarsus luridus (Goeze) foliate shrubs, cause dieback, and even- (Brown 1967, LeSage 1988), L. ferrugi- tually kill plants. Costs to homeowners, neus (Foudras) (LeSage 1988), L. praten- parks, arboretums, municipalities, and sis (Panzer) (LeSage 1988), Sphaero- nurseries to manage heavy infestations dernui testaceuni (Fabricius) (Hoebeke and Wheeler 2003, Majka and LeSage ... and to replace killed plants could be high. Quarantines imposed ... would 2006) and Oulema melauopus (Linne) represent an economic burden to the (LeSage et al. 2007) are all introduced many growers who export nursery stock Palearctic chrysomelids whose presence " Given such concerns, ongoing in the region has been discussed in monitoring of populations of P. viburni publications. The impact of this sub- in the region would not be imprudent. stantial number ofintroduced species on the native fauna and the environment in Acknowledgments general has been rather little investigat- ed. Species such as Lilioceris lilii (Sco- Thanks are extended to Christine poli), Crioceris duodecinipunctata (L.), C. Noronha and Mary Smith (Agriculture asparagi (L.), and Oulema niekmopus are and Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, all potentially serious pests. PEI), Susan Westby and Cory Sheffield In the Maritime Provinces, the native (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Viburnum cdnifolium Marsh., V. edule Kentville, NS), Gary Selig, Jean-Pierre (Michx.) Raf., and V. nudum L. are LeBlanc (Nova Scotia Agricultural Col- common, generally distributed species. lege), and Jeffrey Ogden (Nova Scotia Viburnum acerifolium, V. lentago, and V. Department of Natural Resources) for recognitum have been found in New making specimens and records available, Brunswick. Exotic species such as V. to Klaus Bolte for executing the habitus dentatum, V. lantana. and V. opulus grow photograph, and to Alex Wilson (Nova VOLUME NUMBER 109, 2 461 Scotia Museum) for his assistance. Evans, J. D. 1899. List ofColeopterafrom Halifax. Shawn Clark (Brigham Young Universi- The Canadian Entomologist 31: 32-321. ty) read an eariier draft of this manu- Geoffroy, E. L. 1792. Histoire abregee des insectes script and made many constructive qlauqiuelseletlersoauvneinmtauaxusxonetnrvainrgoensssudievaPnatruisnodradnrse suggestions. C. G. Majka thanks Calum methodique. Durand, Paris, Vol. 1, 523 pp. Ewing and Andrew Hebda (Nova Scotia Gillespie, D. R. 2001. Arthropod introductions Museum) for continuing support and into British Columbia - the past 50 years. encouragement. This work has been JournaloftheEntomologicalSocietyofBritish Columbia 98: 91 97. assisted by a research grant from the Hinds, H. R. 1986. Flora of New Brunswick. Nova Scotia Museum of Natural Primrose Press, Fredericton, N.B. 460 pp. History. Hoebeke, E. R. and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 2003. Sphaerodernia testaceum (F.) (Coleoptera: Literature Cited Chrysomelidae), a Palearctic flea beetle new to North America. Proceedings of the Entomo- Anonymous. 2005. Pest Tracker Invasive Insect: logical Society ofWashington 105: 990-994. Vibvirnum Leaf Beetle, Pynhalta viburni. Kerzhner, I. M. 1991. Histoire abregee des insectes Available from http://ceris.purdue.edu/napis/ qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris (Geof- pests/vlb/ (accessed 12 May 2006). froy, 1792): proposed conservation of some Becker, E. C. 1979. Pyrrhalta viburni (Coleoptera: generic names (Crustacea and Insecta). Bulle- Chrysomelidae), a Eurasian pest of Viburnum tin ofZoological Nomenclature 48: 107-134. recently established in Canada. The Canadian LeSage, L. 1988. Notes on European Longitarsus Entomologist 111: 417^19. species introduced in North America (Co- Borowiec, L. 2005. Chrysomelidae: The Leaf leoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). The Ca- Beetles of Europe and the Mediterranean nadian Entomologist 120: 1133-1145. Subregion (Checklist and Iconography). Uni- 1991. Family Chrysomelidae leaf beetles. . versity of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland, Avail- pp. 301-322. In Y. Bousquet ed. Checklist of ablefromhttp://culex.biol.uni.wroc.pl/cassidae/ beetlesofCanadaandAlaska.ResearchBranch, European%20Chrysomelidae/index.htm (ac- AgricultureCanada,Publication 1861/E,430pp. cessed 12 May 2006). LeSage, L., E. J. Dobesberger, and C. G. Majka. Brown, W. J. 1940. Notes on the American 2007. Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime distribution of some species of Coleoptera Provinces, 2: The cereal leaf beetle Oulema commontotheEuropeanandNorthAmerican melanopus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysome- continents. The Canadian Entomologist 72: lidae). Proceedings ofthe Entomological Soci- 65-78. ety ofWashington 109: 286-294. 1967. Notesontheextralimitaldistribution Majka, C. G. and L. LeSage. 2006. Introduced leaf . of some species of Coleoptera. The Canadian beetles of the Maritime Provinces, 1: Sphaer- Entomologist 99: 85-93. odernia testaceum (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysome- Calnek, W. A. 1897. History of the County of lidae). Proceedings ofthe Entomological Soci- Annapolis. Mika Studio, Bellville, Ontario, ety ofWashington 108: 243-247. (reprint). 660 pp. Riley, E. G., S. M. Clark, R. W. Flowers, andA. J. Clarke, E. R. 1927. Catalogue, spring 1927: Gilbert. 2002. Chrysomelidae Latreille 1802. Annapohs Royal Nurseries. Annapolis, Nova pp. 617-691. In R. H. Arnett, Jr., M. C. Scotia. 51 pp. Thomas. P. E. Skelley, and J. H. Frank, (eds). Clark, S. M., D. G. LeDoux, T. N. Seeno, E. G. American Beetles, Volume 2: Polyphaga: CScRarC- Riley, A. J. Gilbert, and J. M. Sullivan. 2004. abaeoidea through Curculionoidea. Host plants ofleaf beetle species occurring in Press, Boca Raton, USA. the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Riley, E. G., S. M. Clark, and T. N. Seeno. 2003. Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysome- Catalog ofthe leafbeetles ofAmerica north of lidae, excluding Bruchinae). Coleopterists So- Mexico. Coleopterists Society Special Publica- ciety Special Publication 2. 476 pp. tion No. 1. 290 pp. de Joannis, M. L. 1866. Monographic des Galer- Roland, A. E. 1998. Roland's Flora of Nova ucides d'Europe, du Nord de TAfrique et de Scotia. Revised by M. Zinck. Nova Scotia I'Asie. L'Abeille 3: 1-168. Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 1297 pp. Downie, N. M. and R. H. Arnett, Jr. 1996. The Seeno, T. N. and J. A. Wilcox. 1982. Leafbeetles Beetles ofNortheastern North America. Sand- genera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomo- hill Crane Press, Gainesville, Florida. 1721 pp. graphy 1: 1-221. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 462 Sheppard, R. W. 1955. Newentriesofinsectstothe a Palearctic landscape pest in New York and Niagara Peninsula. Annual Report of the its distribution status in the northeastern U.S. Entomological Society ofOntario 86: 31-33. and eastern Canada. Proceedings of the Small, E. and P. M. Catling. 2005. Poorly known Entomological Society of Washington 105: economic plants of Canada ~ 47: American 889-895. cranberry bush (Viburnum opulus var. amer- Weston, P. A., B. Eshenaur, J. M. Baird, and J. S. icanum). The Canadian Botanical Association Lamboy. 2002. Evaluation of insecticides for Bulletin 38(4): 48-54. control of larvae of Pyrrhalta viburni, a new Warchalowski, A. 1994. Chrysomelidae. Stonko- pest of viburnums. Journal of Environmental wate (Insecta: Coleoptera). Part IV (subtribes: Horticulture 20: 82-85. Chrysomelina, Gonioctenina, Phratorina and Wheeler, A. G. and E. R. Hoebeke. 1994. First Entomoscelina and subfamily Galerucinae. record from Canadian Maritime Provinces of Fauna Poloniae, Vol. 16. Museum and In- three European insectsinjuriousto ornamental stitute ofZoology PAS. Warszawa. 302 pp. plants. Proceedings of the Entomological Weise, J. 1924. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Chry- Society ofWashington 96: 749-756. somelidae: 13. Galerucinae. W. Junk, 's-Gra- Wilcox, J. A. 1965. A synopsis of the North venhage. 225 pp. American Galerucinae (Coleoptera: Chry- Weston,P.A.andG. Desurmont. 2002. Suitabilityof somelidae). New York State Museum and various species of Viburnum as hosts for Pyr- Science Service, Bulletin 400. 226 pp. rhalta viburni. an introduced leafbeetle. Journal . 1971. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supple- ofEnvironmental Horticulture 20(4): 224—227. menta. Pars 78, Fasc. 1 (Editio seconda). Weston, P. A. and M. D. Diaz. 2005. Thermal Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae Oidini, Galeru- requirements and development of immature cini, Metacyclini, Sermylini. Dr. W. Junk, 's- stages of viburnum leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta Gravenhage. pp. 1-220. viburni(Paykull) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Young, C. E. 2004. The viburnum leaf beetle in Physiological Ecology 34: 985-989. Ohio. Ohio State University Extension Re- Weston, P. A. and E. R. Hoebeke. 2003. Viburnum search, Special Circular 195: 13. Available leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) (Co- from http://ohioline.osu.edu/scl95/pdf/0195_13. leoptera: Chrysomelidae): dispersal pattern of pdf(accessed 12 May 2006).

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.