Introduced leaf beetles of the maritime provinces, 2: The cereal leaf beetle Oulema Melanopus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2007·4.5 MB·

by  Laurent Lesage

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(2), 2007, pp. 286-294
INTRODUCED LEAF BEETLES OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES,
2:
THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE OULEMA MELANOPUS (LINNAEUS)
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Laurent LeSage, Erhard John Dobesberger, and Christopher G. Majka
(LL) Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960
Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIA 0C6 (e-mail: [email protected]); (EJD)
Science Advice and Biohazard Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant
Health Risk Assessment Unit, 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H
8P9 (e-mail: dobesbergere(5^inspection.gc.ca); (CGM) Nova Scotia Museum of
Natural History, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6
(e-mail: c.majka(^ns.sympatico.ca)
—
Abstract. Voucher specimens of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus
(Linnaeus), from the Maritime Provinces ofCanada were examined. This important
cereal pest is newly recorded from Prince Edward Island. Most populations
established in the Maritime Provinces ofCanada probably originated from southern
Ontario where O. melanopus was first discovered about 1965. Historical information
demonstrates that the beetle spread northeastward by natural means and reached
Prince Edward Island by 1994. An alternate source of introduction may have been
the port of Halifax where O. melanopus has been intercepted in cargo originating
from Italy. However, it is not possible to distinguish beetles originating from
southern Ontario from those introduced directly into Halifax. The introduction of
the species into the Canadian Maritimes was probably either domestic or from
adjacent portions of the United States. Oulema melanopus is likely to continue to
spread slowly by natural means throughout Canada. Host availability and climate
change are likely to assure survival and establishment in new environments despite
phytosanitary measures. Introduction of biological control agents and resistant
cereal varieties are likely to maintain populations at or below economic thresholds.
Key Words: Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Criocerinae, Oulema melanopus, cereal leaf
beetle, Canada, Maritime Provinces, adventive species, quarantine pest
The cereal leafbeetle, Oulema melano- and across much of Asia from China,
pus (Linnaeus, 1758), is an adventive Mongolia and central Siberia west
Palearctic leaf beetle that is now widely through Iran and the Caucasus to
established across much of the United Turkey and south to Israel and Syria
States except for the southwest (NAPIS (Haynes and Gage 1981, Olfert et al.
2005, Riley et al. 2003) and Canada 2004).
(Campbell et al. 1989, LeSage 1991, In Europe, however, O. we'/a«o/?w5 has
Olfert et al. 2004, CFIA 2005). often been mistaken for the closely
In the Old World, it is found through- related O. duftschmidi (Redtenbaker,
out most of Europe, in North Africa, 1874). Berti (1989) discussed the external
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 287
morphology and genitalia ofboth species throughout the Great Lakes Region
in detail. Both are sympatric, but O. between 1962 and 1979 (Haynes and
melanopus appears more northern in Gage 1981).
distribution whereas O. duftschmidi is In Canada, all life stages of the beetle
more Mediterranean and Oriental. Con- were found for the first time in May
sequently, the possibility that O. duftsch- 1965, near Harrow, in southern Ontario
midi has also been introduced into North (Brown 1966). Within two years, the
America is not excluded, but it has not as beetle had already infested several fields
yet been demonstrated. of Essex County. For this reason, it was
Hitherto, most of the available in- expected to spread mostly in a northeast-
formation on O. melanopus in Canada erly direction (McClanahan et al. 1968).
consisted of short summaries resulting To the northwest, the dispersal may have
from Canadian agricultural pest surveys been assisted by additional foreign
or plant quarantine pest monitoring. In sources of adults since specimens were
this study, we provide original informa- intercepted in 1969 at Thunder Bay
tion obtained directly from voucher (Ontario) from agricultural machinery
specimens of older records, or from (combines) originating from Germany
new material not previously reported in (Straby 1971). To the east, O. melanopus
publications. The dispersal patterns ofO. reached the Ontario/Quebec border in
melanopus in the Maritime Provinces of 1970, and was suspected to be estab-
Canada are also discussed. lished in Quebec (Manson and Boyce
1970). In order to verify this hypothesis,
Historical Review
the Division of Plant Protection of
Oulema melanopus is an invasive pest Agriculture Canada, Quebec section,
of small grains and was probably in- made several surveys in the southwest
troduced into North America between of the province in 1972, but no eggs,
1947 and 1949, although it was not larvae, or adults were detected although
identified until 1962 in Berrien Co., minor damage was observed in some
Michigan, where it caused significant fields of the Vaudreuil-Soulanges coun-
damage to oats {Avena sativa L., Poa- ties, west of the Island of Montreal
ceae) (Haynes and Gage 1981). Oulema (Dandurand 1976). The quarantine mea-
melanopus may have gained entry into sures ordered by the Division included
the United States via straw originating all Metropolitan Montreal and Vau-
from Europe that was used as packing dreuil-Soulanges counties (Cardinal
material for shipments ofbrick, although 1974, Caron 1975). Despite these mea-
the exact pathway is unknown (Dobes- sures, all life stages of O. melanopus were
berger 2002). In 1960, at Muskegon, found in 1975 in several localities along
Michigan, O. melanopus was found on the north side ofthe Ottawa River, from
plants in the trunk of a passenger car Lachute to Ile-aux-Alumettes (Dandur-
originating from Europe (Spears 1964). and 1976). Following a small survey in
Numerous interceptions in the USA have 1981, it was estabhshed that the beetle
been made since the earliest known occurred south ofthe St. Lawrence River
record in 1936 at Baltimore, Maryland from the Ontario border eastward to
(Spears 1964). Despite pest control and Nicolet, Drummondville, Acton Vale,
strict quarantine measures (i.e., treat- and Bedford (Anonymous 1981). In
ment of hay, straw, corn and sod for 1982, an attempt was made to define
movement outside ofa quarantine zone), the eastern border of the infestation in
O. melanopus continued to spread by Canada. Scattered specimens were found
natural and various man-made means in Richmond, Sherbrooke, and Stan-
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Stead counties; the map given in the etal. 1977). In 1975, onlyoneyearafterthe
report also included Quebec City (Anon- parasitoid releases, parasitism rate varied
ymous 1983). In 1983, 22 fields were from 15% to 95% (Ellis et al. 1979). In the
checked between Quebec City and Mont- late 1980s, parasitism held the cereal leaf
Joli, and within the Matapedia Valley; beetle at a low level throughout Ontario
after this survey, O. inekmopus was except in west Norfolk County (Bereza
considered to have extended its eastern 1990). In New Brunswick, T. julis was
range to Mont-Joli, in the Gaspe Penin- already present when the beetle popula-
sula, and to the border of New Bruns- tionsweresurveyed(Finnamore 1988b). In
wick (Anonymous 1983). Colchester Co. and Kings Co., Nova
A survey carried out by the Plant Scotia, larval parasitism by Tetrastichus
Health Division of Agriculture Canada, julis varied from 5 to 50%, and to 12.7%
in 1984, in wheat {Triticuin aestivum L.), respectively (Crozier 1997b).
barley {Hordewn vulgare L., Poaceae) These parasitoids succeeded in keep-
and oat fields of Grand Falls, St. ing populations of the cereal leaf beetle
Quentin, and Woodstock, New Bruns- in the United States at or below
wick, did not detect the cereal leafbeetle economic thresholds (USDA-APHIS-
(Anonymous 1986). Larvae of the beetle PPQ 1995). In the absence of natural
were collected for the first time in 1988, enemies, yield losses could reach 55% in
in grain fields located along the St. John spring wheat, and 23% in winter wheat.
River Valley between Hartland (Carleton Up to 75% yield loss could be observed
Co.) and Edmundston (Madawaska Co.) in oats and barley (USDA-APHIS-PPQ
(Finnamore 1988a, Anonymous 1989). It 1995). The successful introduction of
was first detected in Maine (USA) in Ft. parasitoids into O. melanopus popula-
Kent, New Canada, and Presque Isle in tions, which contributed to their decline,
northern Aroostock Co. (adjacent to probably led to the deregulation of this
Quebec and New Brunswick) in 1986 pest by USDA officials in 1973 and
(Dearborn and Donahue 1993). discontinuation of these biological con-
Oulema melanopus was first noticed in trol programs in 1979 (USDA-APHIS-
Kings County (Nova Scotia) in 1995, PPQ 1995).
became widespread in 1996, and it was In 1984, O. melanopus was reported in
necessary to use chemical controls in Utah and by 1999 had spread to the
1997 (Crozier 1997a, 1998). Oulema neighbouring states ofMontana, Oregon,
melanopus has since been intercepted in Washington, Idaho, Colorado, and
Nova Scotia (Halifax) in a wooden Wyoming (Hammon and Peairs 2003). In
container originating from Italy (CFIA the Pacific Northwest, O. melanopus was
2001). found to be a serious problem where the
The search for biological control agents early stages ofbarley crops were attacked
started as early as 1963. Four hymenop- (Buntin et al. 2004). As a result of this
teran specieswere immediately established western invasion and observation of in-
in Michigan (Haynes et al. 1974): a my- creased damage compared to central and
marid egg parasitoid, Anaphes jlavipes northeastern North America, APHIS re-
(Foerster), an eulophid larval parasitoid, introduced its biological control program
Tetrastichusjulis (Walker), a solitary ich- for O. melanopus in 1993 (USDA-APHIS-
neumonid, Diaparsis carinifer (Thomson), PPQ 1995). Despite these biological con-
and a larval ichneumonid parasitoid, trol efforts, O. melanopus has been found
Lemophaguscurtus(Townes). Only T.julis in the Creston Valley in neighboring
was released in Canada, and the targeted British Columbia, Canada in 1998 (CFIA
areawassouth-centralOntario(Hartcourt 1999), and in the East Kootenays in 2002
——
VOLUME NUMBER
109. 2 289
(CFIA 2002). Oulemainelanopus has since NSNR Nova Scotia Department of
spread to Alberta in 2005 (County of Natural Resources, Shubena-
Lethbridge and the Municipal District of cadie. Nova Scotia.
Taber) (NAPPO 2005). STFX Saint Francis Xavier Universi-
Oulema melanopus has been recorded ty, Antigonish, Nova Scotia.
as feeding on a wide variety ofgrasses in
the Poaceae including species in the
Results
genera Agrostis, Alopecurus, Arrhe-
natherum, Avena, Brachypodiuni, Bro- Identification. Oulema melanopus is
mus, Dactylis, Echinochloa, Elymus, Fes- a showy beetle with a black head, red
tuca, Hordeum, Lolium, Oryza, Panicum, pronotum and legs, and deep metallic
Phalaris, Phleum, Poa, Secede, Setaria, blue elytra (Fig. 1). Such a color pattern
Sorghum, Triticum, and Zea (Campbell is very uncommon in native Canadian
et al. 1989, Clark et al. 2004). According leaf beetles; only Gastrophysa polygoni
to Dandurand (1976), oats are the ideal (Linnaeus), another Palearctic species
host, whereas Caron (1975) reported that introduced from Eurasia, looks superfi-
spring wheat was preferred when he cially similar. The elytral punctation can
made mid-June surveys in cereal fields be used to separate them easily as it
of the southeast region of Montreal. comes in well-defined rows in O. mela-
Surveys made in Ontario in 1970 ranked nopus, but it is completely confused in G.
oat, barley and wheat in order of polygoni. The shape ofthe pronotum can
preference (Anonymous 1970). also help to distinguish these two species,
since the pronotum of G. polygoni
Methods and Conventions possesses a well-formed bead on both
sides whereas such a bead is not found in
In the course of ongoing research on
O. melanopus.
the Coleoptera fauna of the Maritime Distribution. Oulema melanopus has
Provinces of Canada, specimens of O. now been found at a variety of sites in
melanopus in various regional collec- New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and
tions, as well as, in the Canadian Prince Edward Island in the Maritime
National Collection (CNC) were exam- Provinces of Canada (Fig. 2). This is
ined and determined. a first record for its presence in Prince
Abbreviations of names of collections Edward Island.
referred to in the text are: Locality records for the Maritime
NEW BRUNSWICK:
Provinces.— Car-
ACNS Agriculture and Agri-Food leton Co.: Hartland, 20.VII.1987, D.B.
Canada, Kentville, Nova Sco- Finnamore, (on) grain, (3, CNC). Victo-
tia. ria Co.: Grand Falls, VII.1980, L.S.
ACPE Agriculture and Agri-Food Thompson, CNC). NOVA SCOTIA:
(3,
Canada, Charlottetown, Prin- Antigonish Co.: Antigonish, 14.V.1998,
ce Edward Island. G. Merner, grassland, (1, STFX); Anti-
CGMC Christopher G. Majka Collec- gonish Landing, 14.V.1998, E.C. Roder-
tion, Hahfax, Nova Scotia. ick, grassy wetland, (1, STFX). Colche-
CNC Canadian National Collection, ster Co.: Bible Hill, 13.V.1998, P. Van
Ottawa, Ontario. Wychen, (20, CNC), 30.VI.1997, L.
DHWC
David H. Webster Collection, Crozier (10, CNC); Clifton, 11.V.1998,
Kentville, Nova Scotia. L. Crozier, (10, CNC); Little Dyke,
JOC Jeffrey Ogden Collection, 4.IX.1996, Lome Crozier; Masstown,
Truro, Nova Scotia. 30,VI.1997, L. Crozier, (10, CNC); Shu-
290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Fig. 1. Habitus photograph of Oidema mekmopus.
benacadie, 31.VII, 1997, J. Ogden, (1, grassy meadow, (1, CGMC); south-end
JOC); Shubenacadie, l.VIII, 1997, J. Halifax, 6.VI.2001, C.G. Majka, open
Ogden, (2, NSNR). Halifax Co.: Point area, (1, CGMC). Kings Co.: New
Pleasant Park, 15.VI. 2001. C.G. Majka, Minas, 20.V.2001, D.H. Webster, open
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 2 291
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Fig. 2. Distribution of Oulema melanopus in the Maritime Provinces and adjacent regions. The
asterisk (*) indicates the location ofthe first Canadian record; open circles indicate localities cited in the
paper; closed circles indicate localities based on voucher specimens referred to in the paper.
woods, on Daphne mezereum L., (1, a forested area not close to any agricul-
DHWC); Sheffield Mills, 17.VII.1996, tural areas. Of interest is the specimen
L. Crosier, (2, CNC); Sheffield Mills, collected on Pictou Island in the North-
15.X.1998, M. Trombley, (1, ACNS); umberland Straits, 7.5 km from the
Sheffield Mills, 21.V.1997, S. Rigby & C. nearest point of mainland Nova Scotia.
O'Flaherty, (1, ACNS). Pictou Co.: This island is inhabited and parts are
Black River, 13.VII.1998. J. Ogden, (1, regularly harvested for hay production.
NSNR); Pictou Island, 14.VII.1998, J. Also of interest are records from
Ogden, (1, NSNR). PRINCE EDWARD Halifax, an important transatlantic sea-
ISLAND: Queens Co.: Harrington, Har- port. The specimen collected at Point
rington Farm, 2.VIII.1994, M.E.M. Pleasant Park was less than 500 meters
Smith, (on) winter wheat, (3, CNC; 3, from the container terminal in the port
ACRE). area, while the specimen collected in
south-end Halifax was immediately ad-
Discussion jacent to the ravine along which the
CNR
Oulema melanopus has been found in railway lines run from the port.
a variety of areas and habitats. Records The port of Halifax has a very sizeable
from Grand Falls (NB), Hartland (NB), annual commerce of grain and related
Harrington (PE), Sheffield Mills (NS), materials through the port facilities.
Shubenacadie (NS), and New Minas Oulema melanopus does not feed on
(NS) are in agricultural districts, fre- grain, nor is it likely to be moved in
quently in or adjacent to agricultural grain as adults generally die within about
sites. The specimens collected in Black three weeks in such plant material.
River (NS) were along a small stream in Adults do not survive long-term storage
292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
in grain bins (Morrill et al. 1992), and it and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS)
is known that beetles may be accidentally and David H. Webster for making
found in stored products (Campbell et al. specimens and records available. Thanks
1989). However, O. mekmopus adults to Alicia Zmudzinska for review of the
may "hitch-hike'"" in solid wood packag- manuscript, Klaus Bolte for executing
ing materials (e.g., crating), but intercep- the habitus photograph, and Susan
tions are rare. Farm machinery, Christ- Flood for creating the map (Agriculture
mas trees, fruit for consumption, and and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON).
plants with or without soil also are C.G. Majka thanks Calum Ewing and
known pathways of movement (Haynes Andrew Hebda (Nova Scotia Museum)
and Gage 1981, Dobesberger 2002). for continuing support and encourage-
Point Pleasant Park and the port of ment. This work has been assisted by
Halifax are well-known sites for the a research grant from the Nova Scotia
introduction of a wide variety of adven- Museum of Natural History. E.J. Do-
tive Coleoptera (Majka and Klimas- besberger thanks D.E. Watler and J.A.
zewski 2004). Majka and LeSage (2006) Garland (Plant Health Risk Assessment
suggest that the road and rail corridors Unit, Canadian Food Inspection Agen-
that lead from Halifax may have been cy, Ottawa) for review ofearlier drafts of
responsible for the introduction and this manuscript. Two anonymous re-
spread of the Palearctic leaf beetle, viewers read earlier versions of the
Sphaeroderma testaceum (Fabricius). manuscript and made many constructive
In the CLIMEXTM model of the suggestions.
potential distribution of O. melanopus
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gc.ca/english/plaveg/protect/dir/d-02-09e.shtml invasive.org/publications/aphis/fsclb.pdf (ac-
(accessed 27 January 2006). cessed 27 January 2006).