Intracellular Transport PDF
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SYMPOSIA OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR CELL BIOLOGY VOLUME 5 Intracellular Transport Edited by KATHERINE BREHME WARREN National Institutes of Health, Cell Biology Study Section, Division of Research Grants, Bethesda, Maryland 1966 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT © 1966, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OP THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W.l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 62-13095 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. RUTHERFORD ARIS, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (167) 0. BEHNKE, Department of Anatomy, The Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark (103) H. L. Boou, Laboratory of Medical Chemistry, University of Leiden, The Netherlands (301) TUSHAR K. CHOWDHURY, Department of Biophysics, S1t ate University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (141) ROBERT K. CRANE, Department 2o f Biochemistry, Chicago Medical School, Chicago, Illinois (71) JOHN I. GMITRO, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (221) ROBERT JAROSCH, Biological Research Division, Austrian Nitrate Works, Linz/Donau, Austria (275) J. M. MARSHALL, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (33) J. DAVID ROBERTSON, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Resear3ch Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (l) MURRAY D. ROSENBERG, Department of Zoology, University of Minne- sota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (45) J. ROSTGAARD, Anatomy Department, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (103) L. E. SCRIVEN, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 1 (221) Present address : Department of Physiology, George Washington University, 2 Washington, D.C. Present address: Department of Physiology, Rutgers Medical School, New 3 Brunswick, New Jersey. Present address : Department of Anatomy, Duke University School of Med- icine, Durham, North Carolina. ν vi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS FRED M. SNELL, Department of Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (141) H. L. TOOR, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania (257) V. S. VAIDHYANATHAN, Southern Research Suppo4r t Center, Veterans Administration, Little Rock, Arkansas (153) S. VARON, Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California (119) W. WILBRANDT, Department of Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland (119) RICHARD H. WILHELM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Prince- ton University, Princeton, New Jersey (199) 4 Present address : Theoretical Biology Center, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York. PREFACE In the past decade we have witnessed a trend toward interdisci- plinary research. This trend has stemmed from an awareness that the study of biological phenomena requires an increasingly sophisticated integration of the natural, physical, and mathematical sciences. The most impressive unions in this regard have been at either end of the hierarchial orders of organization, namely, in molecular biology and in bioengineering. The reasons why we have witnessed dramatic ad- vances in these areas of research are not serendipitous. Molecular biology deals with systems, admittedly complex, whose numbers of interdependent variables are not excessive, thus the so-called micro- scopic, single-subunit approach can be developed. Bioengineering deals with large, so-called macroscopic systems sufficiently organized that they can be described by lumped parameters or of sufficiently dis- organized complexity that statistical techniques can be used. Between these two ends of the organizational spectrum lies a vast middle ground of research where the numbers of subunits and coupling fac- tors are too large or too small for either of the above analytical meth- ods. This middle ground has recently been entitled the study of or- ganized complexities or the study of structured continua. In 1666 Leibnitz wrote about this middle ground. He saw it from a purely mathematical viewpoint and wrote of a combinatorial art, the Char- acteristica Universalis, that could deal simultaneously with the same and the different, the specific and the nonspecific. The modern biolo- gist is now beginning to venture in similar directions. For him, these intermediate hierarchial orders pose exciting challenges. The unit of life, the cell, must ultimately be viewed as an organized complexity, and we shall become increasingly involved in studying the relation- ships among structures and functions, energy transductions within cells, the development of subcellular fractions, and movements within cells. This book focuses on the last example, namely, the processes of and mechanisms underlying intracellular transport. It contains con- tributions of an unusual grouping of scientists—cellular biologists, mathematicians, physiologists, physical chemists, electron microscopi- cists, engineers, and geneticists. These seemingly disparate scientists vii viii PREFACE came together for a week in Frascati, Italy to discuss their research ac- tivities and concepts. Obvious semantic difficulties arose. Most, but not all, of these difficulties were resolved. It soon became apparent that the engineer concerned with the analysis and design of involved chemical processing plants has interests in common with the cellular biologist concerned with nature's evolved processing plants. The awareness of mutual concerns led to an exchange of concepts and methodologies of mutual benefit. Many of these ideas and techniques are described in the various chapters of this book. The titles of the chapters may at times appear unrelated. For the reader who finds the diversity of titles confusing and formidable, I recommend patient and repetitious study. As a biologist or as a physi- cal or engineering scientist he can acquire insight into both techno- logical and biological methods and concepts which he might never en- counter in his normal course of research. The engineering scientist might be appalled that the biologist often has to disrupt his system by procedures as drastic as homogenization. On the other hand, the biologist might be alarmed that the engineering scientist is satisfied with design characteristics that tell much about the response of a sys- tem to perturbations but little about the details of its structure and function. The reader can detect such feelings in several chapters of this book. Among the chapters that can be called biological are those of Snell and Chowdhury on intracellular potentials, Rostgaard and Behnke on the localization of adenine nucleoside phosphatase activity, Marshall on pinocytosis in amoeba. Crane on the brush border of cells, and Varon and Wilbrandt on the transport of γ-aminobutyric acid. Among the chapters that can be called technological or mathematical are those of Gmitro and Scriven on pattern and rhythm, Toor on dif- fusion and reaction coupling, Aris on compartmental analysis and residence time distributions, and Wilhelm on parametric pumping. Among those chapters that bridge the two areas in a less well-defined category are those of Rosenberg on intracellular transport fluxes, Vaidhyanathan on theoretical aspects of permeability transport, Jarosch on rotating helices and contractile mechanisms, and Booij on the movements of membranes. Obviously, several topics of interest have not been included. These gaps will have to be filled by future conferences and contributions regarding intracellular transport. In the meantime, we hope that this work will catalyze further interest PREFACE IX in the fascinating biological problem and encourage biological, physi- cal, and engineering scientists to assess areas where interests overlap. At the time this book was being prepared for publication, Dr. John Marshall met with a tragic, fatal accident. Several of us have known him for many years. He was a dedicated, gifted scientist and a wonderful person. He was adept in expressing ideas clearly and di- rectly. His chapter on intracellular transport in the amoeba sum- marizes several aspects of his exemplary research. We shall miss him. December, 1966 MURRAY D. ROSENBERG CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES Volume 1—The Interpretation of Ultrastructure Chemical Fixiatives for Electron Microscopy Bjorn A. Afzelius Water-Soluble Embedding Media for Ultrastructural Cytochemistry. Digestion with Nucleases and Proteinases Elizabeth H. Leduc and Wilhelm Bernhard Critical Evaluation of Ultrastructural Patterns with Respect to Fixation Fritioj S. Sjostrand Interpretation of Ultrastructure in the Cell Nucleus Hans Ris Correlation of Electron Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction Data in Ultrastructure Studies of Lipoprotein Membrane Systems J. B. Finean Quantitative Electron Microscopy R. E. Burge Cytology and Microcytology of Living and Fixed Cytoplasmic Constituents in the Eggs of Tubifex and the Cell of Amoeba pro tens Fritz E. Lehmann, Markus Henzen, and Friederike Geiger Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles Susumu Ito Nucleosidephosphatase Activities of Cytomembranes Alex B. Novikofj, Edward Essner, Sidney Goldfischer, and Margareta H eus Combination of Cytochemical Staining Methods for Enzyme Localization with Electron Microscopy S. J. Holt and R. Marian Hicks Nucleoprotein Localization in Electron Micrographs: Metal Binding and Radio- autography Hewson Swift The Study of Natural and Artificial DNA-Plasms by Thin Sections Edward Kellenberger Negative Staining and its Use in the Study of Viruses and Their Serological Reactions Thomas F. Anderson An Assessment of Negative Staining Techniques for Revealing Ultrastructure R. C. Valentine and R. W. Home xiii xiv CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES The Finer Structure of the Mitotic Apparatus Patncia Harris and Daniel Mazia Interpretation of the Ultratexture in Growing Plant Cell Walls A. Frey+Wyssling The Electron Microscopy and Electron Diffraction Analysis of Natural Cellulose R. D. Preston The Molecular Structure of Lipid-Water Systems and Cell Membrane Models Studied with the Electron Microscope Walther Stoeckenius The Evolution of Intracellular Phospholipid Membrane Systems Ε. H. Mercer Recovery of Virus from the Blood of Rats with Induced Leukaemia A. J. Dalton and J. B. Moloney Electron Microscopy in the Study of Embryonic Differentiation Rudolf Weber New Approaches in the Study of Biological Ultrastructure by High-Resolution Electron Microscopy H. Fernandez-Morân AUTHOR INDEX Volume 2—Cell Growth and Cell Division Independent Cycles of Cell Division and of DNA Sj^nthesis in Tetrahymena Erik Zeuthen Cell Division and Growth Studies on Synchronized Flagellates T. W. James Macronuclear Variability of Blepharisma Associated with Growth Henry I. Hirshfield, Laura Chunosoff, and A. Vasanthi Bhandary Facets of Intracellular Regulation of Meoisis and Mitosis Herbert Stern and Yasuo Hotta Nucleotide Metabolism and Ribosomal Activity during Synchronized Cell Division Paul Plesner The Integration of Protein and Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Bacteria 0. Maal0e and C. G. Kurland RNA and Protein Replacement in the Nucleus during Growth and Division and the Conservation of Components in the Chromosome D. M. Prescott RNA and Protein in Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions Lester Goldstein CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES XV The Cel l Cycle of a Fission Yeast J. M. Mitchison Control Mechanism s for Chromosome Reproduction in the Cell Cycle /. Herbert Taylor Les Facteur s de la Croissance de Tumeurs associées à des Organes embryonaires de Poule t Etienne Wolff et Emilienne Wolff Dynamisme de l'Ana-télophase et Cytodiérèse /. Fautrez Some Observations Concerning Cell Movement and Cell Cleavage L. G. E. Bell A New Theory on the Mechanism of Cell Division S. Gelfant Force of Cleavage of the Dividing Sea Urchin. Egg Katsuma Dan Some Problem s of Cleavage in Relation to the Cell Membrane L. Wolpert Application de Techniques Cytologiques modernes à l'Étude du Problème des Amitoses dan s les Bourgeons musculaires R. Bassleer Le Problèm e de l'Amitose Otto Bûcher Cytoplasmic Deoxyribonucleic Acids: Their Mitochondrial Localization and Synthesis in Somatic Cells under Experimental Conditions and during the Normal Cell Cycle in Relation to the Preparation for Mitosis M. Chèvremont AUTHOR INDEX Volume 3—Cytogenetics of Cells in Culture Cytogenetic Alteration s in Mixed Cultures of Mammalian Somatic Cells in Vitro Georges Bar ski Hybridization of Somatic Cells in Vitro Boris Ephrussi, Lawrence J. Scaletta, Morton A. Stenchever, and Michihiro C. Yoshida Selection Pressure in Mammalian Cell Populations C. E. Ford Phase Cinematograph y Studies on the Effects of Radiation and of Some Chemicals on Cells and Chromosomes Yuh H. Nakanishi and Sajiro Makino
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