Intimate Partner Violence and the LGBT+ Community: Understanding Power Dynamics PDF
Preview Intimate Partner Violence and the LGBT+ Community: Understanding Power Dynamics
Brenda Russell Editor Intimate Partner Violence and the LGBT+ Community Understanding Power Dynamics Intimate Partner Violence and the LGBT+ Community Brenda Russell Editor Intimate Partner Violence and the LGBT+ Community Understanding Power Dynamics 123 Editor Brenda Russell ThePennsylvania State University, Berks Reading, PA,USA ISBN978-3-030-44761-8 ISBN978-3-030-44762-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44762-5 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword WhenIbeganstudyingintimatepartnerviolence(IPV)inlesbianrelationshipsinthe late1980s,Ioftenfeltquiteisolated.Therewerefewotherscholarsresearchingthe topic,letaloneexaminingtheIPVexperiencesofanyoneinarelationshipthatwas notheterosexualandcisgender.Ihadonetranswomanparticipateinmystudy,butI was warned against using her responses since, after all, a sample of one is hardly sufficient for drawing reliable and valid conclusions about pretty much anything. I also had to respond to a lot of pushback from various quarters. For one thing, colleaguesquestionedmyfocusonsucha“narrow”topic;asoneaskedmepublicly followingaconferencepresentation,“Whyareyouspendingtimeonthis?Therejust isn’tmuchtostudy.”SomemembersoftheLGBTQcommunityalsoraisedconcerns about how the research might negatively impact them by possibly reinforcing homophobicandheterosexiststereotypesofLGBTQrelationshipsasunhealthy.And theirconcernswerenotunfounded,giventhatthecoveragetheresearchreceivedin popularmediafrequentlyhadundertonesofcondemnation(oftherelationships,not the violence) or voyeurism. I was nevertheless motivated to continue the work becauseoftheencouragementIreceivedfromresearchparticipantswhodesperately wantedtheirstoriestoldandattentionbroughttotheproblem,andfromthesupport groupforlesbianvictimswhopartneredwithmeasco-researchers. Thepublicationofthepresentvolume,therefore,cannothelpbutmakemesmile and feel optimistic, despite the serious dimensions of the problem of LGBTQ relationshipviolencethecontributorsdiscuss.Althoughitisclearthatwestillhave agreatdealtolearnaboutanddotoaddresstheproblem,thepublicationofGender and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Power Dynamics in Intimate Partner Violence stands as evidence of how much the knowledge base has grown. GenderandSexualOrientationforcesustoconsidernotonlyIPVinlesbianand gayrelationships,butalsotobreakoutofthedominant,binaryconstructionofsex and gender so as to recognize the fluidity of both and how that fluidity might uniquely influence experiences of IPV victimization and perpetration. As many ofthecontributorspointout,intimateviolenceissimilaracrossalltypesofintimate relationships, but there are also aspects of the problem in terms of risk and pro- tective factors, barriers to help-seeking, and resilience and recovery that produce v vi Foreword experiencesspecifictonon-straightandnon-cisgenderindividuals.Theresearchers whose work is collected in this volume are on the frontlines of identifying and explaining these unique dynamics as well as developing clinical and social struc- turalwaystoaddressandamelioratethem.Thecontributorsrecognizetheneedfor more effective responses to individual victims and perpetrators, but they also emphasize the need to move beyond (not abandon) individual and relational explanations and solutions to understand community-level and structural factors, suchastransphobia,transdiscrimination,andheteronormativity,thatareembedded in the major institutions of our society. Another strength of this volume is the contributors’ intersectional approach to the problem, demonstrating how inequali- ties of gender identity and sexual orientation are intertwined with racism, xeno- phobia, ageism, ableism, and other inequalities to amplify and more deeply entrench disadvantage and the harms that emanate from it. Gender and Sexual Orientation casts a bright light on the gaps in our under- standingofandresponsestointimatepartnerviolenceinLQBTQrelationships.Yet, itbehoovesustoseethisbrightlightalsoasabeacon,givingthoseofusconcerned about IPV—researchers, activists, practitioners, policymakers, and LGBTQ indi- vidualsandallies—guidanceonwhatweneedtodotomoreeffectivelyrespondto and, even more importantly, prevent this problem. I am grateful to Brenda Russell and all of thecontributors for their courage and resolve tolead theway. Claire M. Renzetti University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, US Preface I’vespentmostofmyacademicliferesearchingintimatepartnerviolence(IPV)and otherformsofviolenceoftenconcerninglayperson’sorpoliceofficers’perceptions of victims and perpetrators of IPV and concerning legal decision making. At the beginning of my career, I focused on women as the primary victims of intimate partner violence. This is not surprising as IPV has historically been considered a heterosexualphenomenonwithwomenastheprimaryvictimsofheterosexualmen. Yet,forover35years,researchthathasconsistentlyfoundIPVisalsoaseriousissue among sexual minorities and heterosexual men. As my knowledge in IPV pro- gressed,itwasclearthatIPVisahumanproblem,anduntilweaddressthisissueasa human crisis, little can be done to address the problem. Research and theory have helped us to understand power dynamics about heterosexual IPV, but very little attention has been provided to help us recognize the unique issues and power dynamics of IPV in sexual minority populations. The intersectionality of sexual orientation and gender identity continues to be neglected under the shroud of our owngenderedbiaseswhichaffectthewaywerespondtovictimsandperpetratorsof IPV.Inmyownexperiencetestifyinginhomicidetrials,Ihavepersonallywitnessed how our gendered bias, lack of understanding, communication, intervention, and general breakdown of services can lead to barriers to help-seeking and ultimately lead to tragedy in many IPV cases. These experiences have led me and the con- tributorstothisbooktoprovideanin-depthlookatgenderandsexualorientationin IPV. Each chapter of this book provides incredible insight about the scope of the problem, history and theoretical frameworks associated with gendered biases and howthesebiasesleadtobarrierstohelp-seeking,the(un)availabilityofappropriate intervention and prevention services, criminal justice response and provide evidence-based ideas for research, policy, outreach, and advocacy for sexual minorities. There are many people to thank for their contributions to this book. First, I especially grateful for the authors in this book who dedicated their time and expertise to each topic and made this book possible. Their work helped to provide multi-disciplinary, evidence-based perspectives that can be helpful to researchers, scholars, practitioners, legal actors, educators, and laypersons who aim to vii viii Preface understand theory, etiology, and empirical research regarding IPV in sexual minority populations. I’dliketothankDr.ClaireRenzettiforcontributingtheforwardtothisbookand each author who providedoriginal worksinthe area of sexual minorities andIPV. ThisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecontributionsofClaireEtaugh, Clare Cannon, Sarah Jane Brubaker, Betsi Little, Veanne Anderson, Sarah Head, Jillian Scheer, Alexa Martin-Storey, Laura Baams, Katie Edwards, Ryan Shorey, KaleiGlozier,JohnHamel,SusanTurell,JenniferHillman,CeliaTorres,andToby Miles-Johnson. I would also like to thank my incredible assistant, Celia Torres for her tireless work, assistance and a keen eye for detail on content, references, and APA format and Savanna Brown and Ivana Davis for their assistance with references. I am thankful to have worked with such wonderful student assistants. Lastly, I am also thankfultomyfamilywhoinspiresandcontinuestosupportmethroughtheprocess. Brenda Russell Penn State University, Berks Reading, PA, USA Contents Part I The Scope of the Problem: Methodological and Theoretical Perspectives 1 Introduction: A Call to Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Brenda Russell 2 Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ Individuals: An Intersectional Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Claire Etaugh 3 OntheImportanceofFeministTheories:Gender,Race,Sexuality and IPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Clare Cannon 4 Identifying Influences on Interpersonal Violence in LGBTQ Relationships Through an Ecological Framework: A Synthesis of the Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sarah Jane Brubaker 5 Who’s the Victim Here? The Role of Gender, Social Norms, and Heteronormativity in the IPV Gender Symmetry Debate. . . . . 69 Betsi Little Part II A Broader Understanding of Partner Violence and Barriers to Help-Seeking 6 Trans Prejudice and Its Potential Links to IPV Among Trans People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Veanne N. Anderson 7 Understanding Power Dynamics in Bisexual Intimate Partner Violence: Looking in the Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Sarah Head ix x Contents 8 Help-Seeking Barriers Among Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals Who Experience Intimate Partner Violence Victimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Jillian R. Scheer, Alexa Martin-Storey, and Laura Baams Part III Intervention and Prevention of IPV Among Sexual Minorities 9 Primary Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual and Gender Minorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Katie M. Edwards, Ryan C. Shorey, and Kalei Glozier 10 Learning What You Need: Modifying Treatment Programs for LGBTQ Perpetrators of IPV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Clare Cannon 11 Beyond Gender: Finding Common Ground in Evidence-Based Batterer Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 John Hamel Part IV Outreach and Advocacy 12 Lessons Learned: One Researcher’s Same-Sex IPV Journey . . . . . 227 Susan Turell 13 Intimate Partner Violence Among Older LGBT Adults: Unique Risk Factors, Issues in Reporting and Treatment, and Recommendations for Research, Practice, and Policy . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Jennifer Hillman Part V Criminal Justice Response 14 IdentifyingandRespondingtoLGBT+IntimatePartnerViolence from a Criminal Justice Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Brenda Russell and Celia Torres 15 Policing Transgender People and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Toby Miles-Johnson Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 305
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