Interventions for reducing alcohol supply, alcohol demand and alcohol-related harm

110 Pages·2015·0.97 MB·English

NDLERF
Interventions for reducing alcohol supply,
alcohol demand and alcohol-related harm
Final Report
A/Prof Peter Miller, Ashlee Curtis,
Prof Tanya Chikritzhs and Prof John Toumbourou
Monograph Series No. 57
Funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund
An Initiative of the National Drug Strategy

Interventions for reducing alcohol
supply, alcohol demand and alcohol-
related harm

Final Report
A/Prof Peter Miller
Ashlee Curtis
Prof Tanya Chikritzhs
Prof John Toumbourou
Funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund,
an initiative of the National Drug Strategy
Produced by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF)
GPO Box 2944, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601
© Commonwealth of Australia 2015
ISSN: 1449-7476
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be
reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth available from the
National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights
should be addressed to the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, GPO Box 2944, Canberra,
Australian Capital Territory 2601.
Opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of
the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF) Board of Management or the Australian
Government Department of Health and Ageing.
The research on which this report is based was funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research
Fund, an initiative of the National Drug Strategy.
v
Contents
Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................vii
Intervention index .....................................................................................................................................viii
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Reducing supply .....................................................................................................................................4
1.2. Reducing demand .................................................................................................................................4
1.3. Harm reduction strategies ......................................................................................................................5
1.4. A theoretical framework .........................................................................................................................5
1.5. Summary and conclusion ......................................................................................................................6
2. Studies ....................................................................................................................................................7
2.1. Systematic literature review ...................................................................................................................7
2.2. Delphi ....................................................................................................................................................7
2.3. Delphi round one ...................................................................................................................................7
2.4. Delphi round two ..................................................................................................................................8
2.5. Delphi round three ...............................................................................................................................10
3. Interventions .........................................................................................................................................14
4. Synthesis and summary .......................................................................................................................68
4.1. Evidence Rating System ......................................................................................................................68
4.2. Reducing supply ..................................................................................................................................68
4.3. Reducing demand ...............................................................................................................................69
4.4. Reducing harm ....................................................................................................................................69
4.5. Limitations ...........................................................................................................................................70
4.6. Mandatory versus voluntary interventions ............................................................................................71
4.7. Enforcement ........................................................................................................................................71
4.8 Cost-effectivenessness .........................................................................................................................72
4.9 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................................72
5. Recommendations ...............................................................................................................................79
5.1 Australian Government Responses .......................................................................................................79
5.2 State Government Policy ......................................................................................................................82
5.3 Further research ...................................................................................................................................84
5.4 Further matters for consideration ..........................................................................................................84
6. References ............................................................................................................................................87
7. Appendix A ...........................................................................................................................................97
Contents
vi
7.1 Community Approach ...........................................................................................................................97
7.2 Reducing harm .....................................................................................................................................97
7.3 Education .............................................................................................................................................98
8. Appendix B .........................................................................................................................................100
Tables
Table 1: Delphi responses on supply reduction measures ...............................................................................8
Table 2: Delphi responses on demand reduction measures .............................................................................9
Table 3: Delphi round three responses on measures .....................................................................................10
Table 4 Delphi responses on harm reduction measures ................................................................................12
Table 5: Associations between number of patrons/crowdedness and patron aggression ..............................63
Table 6: Evidence and effectiveness rating system ........................................................................................68
Table 7: Summary table of interventions to reduce supply of alcohol effectiveness ratings .............................73
Table 8: Summary table of interventions to reduce demand of alcohol effectiveness ratings ..........................74
Table 9: Summary table of interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm with effectiveness ratings ................75
Figure
Figure 1: The ecological framework ................................................................................................................5
Boxes
Box 1: Stockholm prevents alcohol and drug use (Wallin et al., 2005b). ........................................................26
Box 2: The Strengthening Families Program for young adolescents (Bowes et al., 2012) ..............................34
Box 3: Reducing access to alcohol for young people under age 18 program ................................................47
Box 4: The Living With Alcohol Program .......................................................................................................50
Box 5: Main themes of the Safer Bars training program (Graham et al., 2004) ..............................................57
Interventions for reducing alcohol supply, alcohol demand and alcohol-related harm Final Report
vii
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to co-investigator, Professor Steve Allsop, for his comments on final drafts and overall
guidance on the project.
Special thanks to Detective Superintendent James Migro, Dr Maria Borzycki, Debra Salter, Inspector Steve
Munro, Inspector William Graham, Sergeant Wayne Buck, Leading Senior Constable Bob Pupavac, Mr Barry
Newell, Mr Pat Doyle, Mr Michael Sarquis, Superintendent Pat Paroz, Sergeant Jo Cameron, Senior Sergeant
Tim Pfitzner, Mrs Pat Ward and Ms Katalina Bradley.
Thank you to Elise Cox for proofreading the report.
Particular thanks go to Superintendent Anthony Cooke (NSW Police Force) and Dan Keating (QLD Police
Service, superintendent retired) for their continued support and advice.
We are grateful to Prof Kate Graham and Prof Ross Homel for their guidance in many areas.
Acknowledgements
viii
Intervention index
1. Accords (Voluntary Liquor Licensing Forums) ........................................................................................14
2. Advertisement of alcohol-related harms ................................................................................................17
3. Advertising and promotion restrictions ..................................................................................................18
4. Alcohol content of drinks—limits after midnight .....................................................................................19
5. Alcohol diversion programs ...................................................................................................................19
6. Alcohol management plans ...................................................................................................................19
7. Alcohol-related harm/risk reduction via the development application process ........................................20
8. Alcohol service to finish 30 minutes before closing ................................................................................20
9. Alcohol warning labels ..........................................................................................................................21
10. Application liquor restriction s 64 Liquor Control Act 1988 ....................................................................21
11. Banning (venue-instigated sanctions imposed on repeat offenders) .......................................................21
12. Banning volume discounts ....................................................................................................................23
13. Beat da Binge .......................................................................................................................................23
14. Beverage types sales restriction ............................................................................................................23
15. Closed-circuit television ........................................................................................................................24
16. Community action projects ...................................................................................................................25
17. Community-led sales restrictions...........................................................................................................26
18. Consequence policing ..........................................................................................................................27
19. Developmental prevention interventions ................................................................................................28
20. Drink Safe precincts ..............................................................................................................................28
21. Drug detection dogs .............................................................................................................................29
22. Drunk tanks ..........................................................................................................................................29
23. Dry or alcohol free zones .......................................................................................................................29
24. Early Intervention Pilot Program ............................................................................................................30
25. Education .............................................................................................................................................31
26. Energy drink restrictions ........................................................................................................................33
27. Enforcement of Liquor Act 2010 ...........................................................................................................33
28. Family-based alcohol use prevention.....................................................................................................33
29. Free water .............................................................................................................................................34
30. Glassware and violence ........................................................................................................................34
31. Good sports .........................................................................................................................................35
32. Healthy Sporting Environments Demonstration Project ..........................................................................36
33. High visibility security clothing ...............................................................................................................36
34. High risk venue designation ..................................................................................................................37
35. Holyoake family alcohol and drug programs ..........................................................................................37
Interventions for reducing alcohol supply, alcohol demand and alcohol-related harm Final Report
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36. ID-scanner technology ..........................................................................................................................37
37. Individualised control of drinkers ...........................................................................................................38
38. Liquor accords in Indigenous communities ...........................................................................................39
39. Liquor Advisory Board (LAB) .................................................................................................................39
40. Liquor licence application interventions/objections ................................................................................40
41. Liquor restricted area s 175(1a) Liquor Control Act 1988.......................................................................40
42. Liquor restricted premises s 152P Liquor Control Act 1988...................................................................40
43. Lockouts ...............................................................................................................................................41
44. Mandatory treatment ............................................................................................................................42
45. Multi Agency Liquor Taskforce (MALT) ...................................................................................................42
46. No sale of shots or strong mixed drinks ................................................................................................43
47. Operations alcohol-related violence .......................................................................................................43
48. Outlet density ........................................................................................................................................43
49. Patron dispersal ....................................................................................................................................44
50. People management by pedestrianising ................................................................................................45
51. Pharmaceutical treatments ...................................................................................................................45
52. Planning assessment process changes to liquor licences ......................................................................45
53. Preparing youth and parents for night-life ..............................................................................................46
54. Purchase age restrictions ......................................................................................................................46
55. Police interventions ...............................................................................................................................47
56. Precinct Ambassadors ..........................................................................................................................48
57. Price including excise and taxation ........................................................................................................49
58. Radio communication networks ............................................................................................................50
59. Random breath testing in venues ..........................................................................................................52
60. Risk-based licensing .............................................................................................................................52
61. RSA-program effectiveness ...................................................................................................................53
62. RSA marshals .......................................................................................................................................55
63. Sales restrictions ...................................................................................................................................56
64. Safer Bars .............................................................................................................................................56
65. Secondary supply restrictions ...............................................................................................................57
66. Security personnel ................................................................................................................................57
67. Security plans .......................................................................................................................................58
68. Service (opening) hours for venues ........................................................................................................59
69. Sunshine Coast Drink Safe Coalition Project .........................................................................................60
70. Test purchasing .....................................................................................................................................60
71. Transport availability ..............................................................................................................................60
Intervention index
2
72. User pays policing alternatives ..............................................................................................................62
73. Venue capacity, crowding and aggression .............................................................................................62
74. Venue comfort ......................................................................................................................................63
75. Venue design and structural plan ..........................................................................................................64
76. Venue entrance queues ........................................................................................................................65
77. Venue order and cleanliness ..................................................................................................................65
78. Venue staff-to-patron ratio ....................................................................................................................66
79. Venue staff gender ................................................................................................................................66
80. Venue staff drinking ...............................................................................................................................66
81. Violent venues register (sch 4, NSW Liquor Act 2007) ...........................................................................67
Interventions for reducing alcohol supply, alcohol demand and alcohol-related harm Final Report