Intervening in Africa: Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent PDF
Preview Intervening in Africa: Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent
Studies in Diplomacy General Editor: G. R. Berridge, Professor of International Politics and Director of Research, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester. In association with the ADST–DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Series, Publishing Director: Margery B. Thompson. The series was launched in 1994. Its chief purpose is to encourage original schol- arship on the theory and practice of international diplomacy, including its legal regulation. The interests of the series thus embrace such diplomatic functions as signalling, negotiation and consular work, and methods such as summitry and the multilateral conference. Whilst it has a sharp focus on diplomacy at the expense of foreign policy, therefore, the series has no prejudice as to historical period or approach. It also aims to include manuals on protocol and other aspects of diplomatic practice which will be of immediate, day-to-day relevance to pro- fessional diplomats. A final ambition is to reprint inaccessible classic works on diplomacy. Titles include: Herman J. Cohen INTERVENING IN AFRICA Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent Andrew F. Cooper (editor) NICHE DIPLOMACY Middle Powers after the Cold War David H. Dunn (editor) DIPLOMACY AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL The Evolution of International Summitry Brian Hocking (editor) FOREIGN MINISTRIES Change and Adaptation Michael Hughes DIPLOMACY BEFORE THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Britain, Russia and the Old Diplomacy, 1894–1917 Donna Lee MIDDLE POWERS AND COMMERCIAL DIPLOMACY British Influence at the Kennedy Trade Round Jan Melissen (editor) INNOVATION IN DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE Peter Neville APPEASING HITLER The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937–39 Gary D. Rawnsley RADIO DIPLOMACY AND PROPAGANDA The BBC and VOA in International Politics, 1956–64 TAIWAN’S INFORMAL DIPLOMACY AND PROPAGANDA Studies in Diplomacy Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71495-9 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Intervening in Africa Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent Herman J. Cohen An ADST–DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Book First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-41823-7 ISBN 978-0-333-97745-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780333977453 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, LLC, Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 The Department of State has reviewed the manuscript of this book to ensure its contents do not compromise national security. This review should not be construed as concurrence with the text. Opinions and characterizations are those of the author and do not necessarily represent official positions of the United States Government. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cohen, Herman J. Intervening in Africa : superpower peacemaking in a troubled continent / Herman J. Cohen. p. cm. — (Studies in diplomacy) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Africa, Sub-Saharan—Foreign relations—United States. 2. United States– –Foreign relations—Africa, Sub-Saharan. 3. Mediation, International—History– –20th century. 4. Civil war—Africa, Sub-Saharan—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. DT353.5.U6 C64 2000 327.67073—dc21 99–087453 ©Herman J. Cohen 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-77929-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 To Suzanne, Marc, and Alain Contents The ADST-DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Series ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Map of Africa xiv 1 Forging a New US Policy for Africa 1 2 Ethiopia: Ending a Thirty-Year War 17 3 Sudan: Total North–South Incompatibility 60 4 Angola: From Euphoria to Tragedy 87 5 Liberia: A Bold Plan Hijacked 126 6 Rwanda: Could We Have Prevented Genocide? 163 7 Mozambique: Pieces Falling into Place Nicely 181 8 Somalia: Better Late than Never 197 9 Superpower in Africa: Mediator or Meddler? 218 Notes 229 Index 251 vii The ADST-DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Series For more than 220 years extraordinary men and women have repre- sented the United States abroad under all kinds of circumstances. What they did and how and why they did it remain little known to their compatriots. In 1995 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (ADST) and Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) created a book series to increase public knowledge and appre- ciation of the involvement of American diplomats in world history. The series seeks to demystify diplomacy by telling the story of those who have conducted our foreign relations, as they saw them and lived them. Herman J. “Hank” Cohen has been a pioneer in promoting democra- tic transition, good governance, and civilian control of the military in Africa. From 1977 to 1980 he was US ambassador to Senegal and the Gambia, having previously served in Uganda, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Zaire (Congo), and Paris. One of a very few named Career Ambassador in the United States Foreign Service, he was a top specialist in African affairs, serving as Senior Advisor on Africa to President Ronald Reagan (1987–89) and Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs under President George Bush (1989–93). Under Hank Cohen’s creative diplomacy and skillful leadership, the Bureau of African Affairs initiated an assertive policy of diplomatic inter- vention in major violent conflicts and attention to their dire human consequences. With characteristic candor and insight, Ambassador Cohen reveals his search for peace in seven civil wars, the many horrific circumstances on the ground, and the frequent frustrations of power struggles and bureaucratic obstacles, in Washington as well as in Africa. The results, ranging from heady triumph to deep disappointment and outright failure, yield complex lessons of continuing value to govern- ments, practitioners, and citizens. EDWARDM. ROWELL President, Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training KENNETHN. ROGERS President, Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Retired ix
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