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Interpreting Early Modern Europe PDF

527 Pages·2019·14.594 MB·English
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Interpreting Early Modern Europe Interpreting Early Modern Europe is a comprehensive collection of essays on the historiography of the early modern period (circa 1450–1800). Concerned with the principles, priorities, theories, and narratives behind the writing of early modern history, the book places particular emphasis on develop- ments in recent scholarship. Each chapter, written by a prominent historian caught up in the debates, is devoted to the varieties of interpretation relating to a specific theme considered integral to understanding the age, providing readers with a ‘behind-the-scenes’ look at how historians have worked, and still work, within these fields. At one level the emphasis is historiographical, with the essays engaged in a direct dialogue with the influential theories, methods, assumptions, and conclusions in each of the fields. At another level the contributions empha- sise the historical dimensions of interpretation, providing readers with surveys of the component parts that make up the modern narratives. Supported by extensive bibliographies, primary materials, and appendices with extracts from key secondary debates, Interpreting Early Modern Europe provides a systematic exploration of how historians have shaped the study of the early modern past. It is essential reading for students of the period. C.ScottDixonisSeniorLectureratQueen’sUniversityBelfast,UK.Hisprevious books include Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania, 1517–1740 (2010), Contesting the Reformation (2012), and The Church in the Early Modern Age(2016). Beat Kümin is Professor of Early Modern European History at the University of Warwick,UK.HispublicationsincludeDrinkingMatters(2007),ImperialVillages: Cultures of Political Freedom in the German Lands c. 1300–1800 (2019) and the editedcollectionTheEuropeanWorld1500–1800:AnIntroductiontoEarlyModern History(3rdedn,2018). Interpreting Early Modern Europe Edited by C. Scott Dixon and Beat Kümin Firstpublished2020 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 52VanderbiltAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2020selectionandeditorialmatter,C.ScottDixonandBeatKümin; individualchapters,thecontributors TherightofC.ScottDixonandBeatKümintobeidentifiedasthe authorsoftheeditorialmaterial,andoftheauthorsfortheir individualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithsections77 and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical, orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationand explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordhasbeenrequestedforthisbook ISBN:978-1-138-79900-4(hbk) ISBN:978-1-138-79901-1(pbk) ISBN:978-0-429-32457-4(ebk) TypesetinGalliard bySwales&Willis,Exeter,Devon,UK Contents Listofillustrations vii Listofcontributors x Introduction:InterpretingearlymodernEurope 1 C.SCOTTDIXONANDBEATKÜMIN 1 Medievalandmodern 18 EUANCAMERON 2 Identitiesandencounters 49 CHARLESH.PARKER 3 Genderandsocialstructures 72 MERRYE.WIESNER-HANKS 4 Renaissance 96 EDWARDMUIR 5 Reformations 121 C.SCOTTDIXON 6 Mediaandcommunication 150 MARKGREENGRASS 7 Materialcultures 183 BRUNOBLONDÉANDWOUTERRYCKBOSCH 8 Thestate 215 JAMESB.COLLINS vi Contents 9 Warandthemilitaryrevolution 244 CHRISTOPHERSTORRS 10 Expansion,space,andpeople 268 DAGMARFREIST 11 Commerceandindustry 298 MAARTENPRAK 12 Scienceandreason 329 JOHNHENRY 13 Popularculturesandwitchcraft 356 KATHRYNA.EDWARDS 14 Politicalthought 388 NOAHDAUBER 15 Enlightenmentstruggles 417 DORINDAOUTRAM 16 FrenchRevolution 443 PAULHANSON 17 Turnsandperspectives 471 BEATKÜMIN Index 491 Illustrations The authors and editors would like to thank the copyright holders of illustra- tions featured in this book. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders and to obtain necessary permissions. Please advise the publisher of any errors or omissions, and these will be corrected in subsequent editions. Figures 1.1 Fourteenth-centurycarvingoftheNineWorthiesinthetownhall ofCologne.PicturebyElkeWetzig(Elya)–Ownwork,CCBY-SA 3.0:https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php? curid=1159570 26 3.1 JudithLeyster,Self-Portrait(c.1630).CourtesyoftheNational GalleryofArt,Washington,DC 75 3.2 UrsGraf,‘TwoMercenariesandaWoman’(1524),woodcut. CourtesyoftheNationalGalleryofArt,Washington,DC 81 4.1 BenvenutoCellini,SaltCellar(1540–1543).Kunsthistorisches Museum,Vienna,Austria/BridgemanImages 102 4.2 LeonBattistaAlberti,FaçadeofSantaMariaNovella,Florence, Italy(c.1458–70).Photo©RaffaelloBencini/BridgemanImages 107 5.1 ProcessioninPiazzaSanMarco,byGentileBellini,1496,Galleria dell’Accademia,Venice,Italy,Europe.PeterBarritt/AlamyStock Photo 135 6.1 DistributionofJesuitEstablishmentsinEurope,takenfromMark Greengrass,TheEuropeanReformationc.1500–1618(London: Longman,1998),196.Courtesyoftheauthor 155 6.2 GeographicalSpreadofErasmus’CorrespondentsinthePeriod 1517–1524,takenfromRobertMandrou,Deshumanistesaux hommesdescience:XVIeetXVIIesiècles(Paris:ÉditionsduSeuil, 1973),cartes(unpaginated).Reproducedwithpermission 158 6.3 Insideaprintshop.WoodblockillustrationfromHieronymus Hornschuch,Orthotypographia(Leipzig1634),p.x.Sächsische Landesbibliothek–Staats-undUniversitätsbibliothekDresden; http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id273679848/10 164 viii Illustrations 6.4 BookproductioninEurope,datareworkedfromEltjoBuringhand JanLuitenvanZanden,‘Chartingthe“RiseoftheWest”: ManuscriptsandPrintedBooksinEurope,ALong-Term PerspectivefromtheSixththroughEighteenthCenturies,’Journal ofEconomicHistory69(2/2009)417and421 167 6.5 ‘FinchhisAlphabet,orAGodlydirectionfittobeperusedofeach trueChristian’(c.1635),cataloguedintheEnglishBroadsheet BalladArchives(EBBA):ID36321.©TheSocietyofAntiquariesof London,BroadsidesCabLibg;reproducedbykindpermissionof theSocietyofAntiquariesofLondon 170 6.6 OttavioCodogno’sschemeofEuropeanpostalroutes(1608). TakenfromSchobesbergeretal.,‘EuropeanPostalNetworks’,in JoadRaymondandNoahMoxham(eds),NewsNetworksinEarly ModernEurope(Leiden:Brill,2016),30.Reproducedwiththe editors’permission 172 7.1 Trencherandbowl,paintedbyNicoladaUrbino(1533–38). ©VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London 189 7.2 Jean-EtienneLiotard,DutchGirlatBreakfast(c.1756). ©RijksmuseumAmsterdam 191 8.1 JanMatejko,AdoptionofthePolish-LithuanianConstitutionof May3,1791(oiloncanvas,1891)TheRoyalCastleinWarsaw– Museum,inv.no.ZKW/1105,phot.AndrzejRing,Lech Sandzewicz.Reproducedwithpermission 218 8.2 ‘Brazilianball’(FrenchSchool,pen&inkandw/conpaper,16th century) 223 9.1 ViewofGibraltar,takenbyanofficerofAdmiralSirGeorge Rooke’sfleeton21July1704(OS):https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Gibraltar_1704.jpg.Publicdomain/PD-US 255 9.2 Contemporaryetchingoftroopdispositionatthebeginningofthe BattleofBreitenfeldfromOlufHanson,‘PraeliiinterSereniss: Suecor:RegemetSaxoniaeElectorem:necnonCatholicaeLigae GeneralemCom:aIlty,VIISeptemb:anniMDCXXXIprope Lipsiamcomissi’(1631).Prints,DrawingsandWatercolorsfromthe AnneS.K.BrownMilitaryCollection.BrownUniversityLibrary 261 10.1 HandwrittenspreadsheettakenfromComptegeneraldeLatraitte DesCaptifsDuVaipeau[sic]Labraham[GeneralAccountofthe tradeofcaptives(slaves)oftheshipL’Abraham,1743].TNA,HCA 32/97/1.CrownCopyrightcourtesyofTheNational Archives,UK 270 10.2 Sail-clothpostbagwithunopenedletterscarriedontheship ZenobiasailingfromBordeauxtoNewYorkandtakenin1812by Britishprivateers.TNA,HCA32/1769/854.CrownCopyright courtesyofTheNationalArchives,UK 286 10.3 InventoryoftheNegroesandStockonMesopotamiaEstatetaken on11September1756beforeJamesDunnandJohnRickets, Illustrations ix Esq.TNA,HCA30/259.CrownCopyrightcourtesyofThe NationalArchives,UK 288 12.1 Skeletonfromafourteenth-centuryLatinmanuscript.Credit: WellcomeCollection.CCBY 346 12.2 FourthSchemeoftheMuscles,fromAndreasVesalius(1555), Dehumanicorporisfabrica[Onthestructureofthehumanbody], Basel:JohannesOporinus.Credit:WellcomeCollection.CCBY 347 13.1 Themostwonderfullandtruestorie,ofacertaineWitchnamedAlse GooderidgeofStapenHill,whowasarraignedandconuictedat DarbieattheAβisesthere(1597).LambethPalaceLibrary,London, UK/BridgemanImages 372 14.1 FrontispiecetoThomasHobbes,Leviathan(1651).Private Collection/BridgemanImages 406 16.1 Jacques-LouisDavid,TheTennisCourtOath(1789).Carnavalet Museum,France.CourtesyofAlamyImages 453 16.2 BeforeandAftertheNightof4August1789:PeasantCarrying NobilityandClergy.ScienceHistoryImages/AlamyStockPhoto 456 16.3 BeforeandAftertheNightof4August1789:NobilityandClergy carryingaPeasant.CollectionPJ/AlamyStockPhoto 457 17.1 JanSteen,CelebratingtheBirth(oiloncanvas,87.7x107cm, 1664).©TheWallaceCollection,London.Reproducedwith permission 476 17.2 AlbrechtDürer,ChristusinderVorhölle(woodcut39x28cm, c.1510).ThüringerLandesmuseumHeidecksburg,Graphische Sammlung,Gr24/65.Reproducedwithpermission 478 Tables 8.1 ExcerptofthreesampleparishesinthedistrictofVézelay (January1696).Source:SébastienLePrestre[MarshalVauban], ‘GeographicdescriptionofthefiscaldistrictofVézelay’ (DeBoislisle1881,846–47) 231 11.1a SectoralsharesinGDPandlabour-forceinEnglandandBritain (from1700),1522–1801 308 11.1b SectoralsharesinGDPandlabour-forceinHolland(1510)and theNetherlands(1807) 309 11.2 GDP/capitainEurope,1500–1800(in1990dollars) 309 11.3 EstimatedoutputofwroughtironinEurope(in1,000tonnes) 316

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