Internet Protocols: Advances, Technologies and Applications

318 Pages·2003·12.278 MB·English

by  Subrata Goswami (auth.)

INTERNET PROTOCOLS
Advances, Technologies and
Applications
INTERNET PROTOCOLS
Advances, Technologies and
Applications
by
Subrata Goswami
Aerogram Networks, CTO
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Internet Protocols: Advances, Technologies and Applications
Subrata Goswami
ISBN 978-1-4613-5050-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-0385-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0385-9
Copyright © 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without prior written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system,
for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper.
Table of Contents
PREFACE ............................................................................................................... ix
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
0.0 Types of Network ............................................................................... 1
0.1 Packet Switched Network ................................................................... 2
0.2 Circuit Switched Network .................................................................. 4
0.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ................................................ 5
References ......................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1. ................................................................................................................ 7
THE INTERNET PROTOCOL .............................................................................. 7
1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................... 7
1.1 History of The Internet ....................................................................... 7
1.2 Internet Protocol Version 4 ............................................................... 10
1.3 IP Datagram Format. ......................................................................... 11
1.4 IP Address And Classes .................................................................... 16
1.5 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) ......................................... 18
1.6 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) .......................................... 19
1.7 RFC' s, Internet-Drafts, And Standards ............................................ 20
1.8 ICANN .............................................................................................. 23
1.9 Registry for IP Addresses or Address Supporting Organizations
(ASO) ........................................................................................................... 25
1.10 Domain Names Supporting Organizations (DNSO) ........................ 26
1.11 Protocol Supporting Organizations (PSO) ....................................... 28
References ....................................................................................................... 28
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................... 3 1
IP VERSION 6 ...................................................................................................... 31
2.0 Introduction ....................................................................................... 31
2.1 History of IPv6 ................................................................................. 31
2.2 The IP Version 6 Protocol ................................................................ 32
2.3 IPv6 Addressing ................................................................................ 37
2.4 Addressing Requirements oflPv6 Hosts And Routers .................... 40
2.5 Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 .................................... 41
2.6 Neighbor Discovery .......................................................................... 42
2.7 IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration ..................................................... 45
2.8 IPv4 To IPv6 Transition Mechanisms .............................................. 47
References ....................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................... 55
ROUTING AND IP ............................................................................................... 55
3.0 Introduction ....................................................................................... 55
ADVANCEDIP
V1
3.1 Routing Information Protocol (RIP) ................................................. 55
3.2 Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) ...................................................... 57
3.3 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ...................................................... 62
3.4 Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) ......................................... 69
3.5 Routers .............................................................................................. 75
3.6 Modem Routers ................................................................................ 77
References ....................................................................................................... 87
Chapter 4 ............................................................................................................... 89
IP ADDRESS DISTRIBUTION MECHANISMS .............................................. 89
4.0 Introduction ....................................................................................... 89
4.1 History of IP Address Management ................................................. 89
4.2 Internet Control Message Protocol (lCMP) ..................................... 90
4.3 IP Node Initialization in a Link Layer Network .............................. 95
4.4 Discovering Neighbors ..................................................................... 96
4.5 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) .............................. 98
4.6 RADIUS and DIAMETER ............................................................. 104
References ..................................................................................................... 116
Chapter 5 ............................................................................................................. 119
THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM ..................................................................... 119
5.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 119
5.1 History of DNS ............................................................................... 119
5.2 DNS Protocols and Databases ........................................................ 123
5.3 Dynamic Updates ............................................................................ 127
5.4 Secure DNS ..................................................................................... 130
5.5 DNS Vulnerabilities ........................................................................ 132
5.6 IPv6 and DNS ................................................................................. 133
5.7 6to4 and DNS .................................................................................. 134
5.8 Uniform Resource Names .............................................................. 135
References ..................................................................................................... 137
Chapter 6 ............................................................................................................. 139
SECURITY ISSUES ........................................................................................... 139
6.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 139
6.1 Packet Sniffing, Address Spoofing ................................................. 139
6.2 SNMP .............................................................................................. 140
6.3 Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation
(PAT) ......................................................................................................... 141
6.4 IPSec ................................................................................................ 149
6.5 L2TP ................................................................................................ 158
6.6 SSL and TLS ................................................................................... 159
6.7 Denial of Service ............................................................................. 161
6.8 Extensible Authentication Protocol ................................................ 162
References ..................................................................................................... 163
Chapter 7 ............................................................................................................. 165
Table of Contents Vll
IP IN THE ENTERPRISE .................................................................................. 165
7.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 165
7.1 Ethernet ........................................................................................... 165
7.2 Storage Networks ............................................................................ 172
73 Virtual Private Networks ................................................................ 188
7.4 Service Location Protocol. ............................................................. 192
Reference ...................................................................................................... 196
Chapter 8 ............................................................................................................. 199
IP IN TELECOMMUNICA nONS ................................................................... 199
8.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 199
8.1 SS7 Network ................................................................................... 200
8.2 Broadband Access Networks .......................................................... 205
83 Core Network ................................................................................. 222
References ..................................................................................................... 233
Chapter 9 ............................................................................................................. 235
IP AND MOBILITY ........................................................................................... 235
9.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 235
9.1 Wireless Ethernet ............................................................................ 235
9.2 Bluetooth ......................................................................................... 245
93 CDPD .............................................................................................. 248
9.4 CDMA (IS-95) ................................................................................ 251
9.5 GPRS ............................................................................................... 251
9.6 Mobile IP ......................................................................................... 257
9.7 Third Generation Cellular System (3G) ......................................... 267
9.8 3GPP ................................................................................................ 268
9.9 3GPP2 .............................................................................................. 271
References ..................................................................................................... 288
Chapter 10 ........................................................................................................... 291
IP IN OPERATING SySTEMS ......................................................................... 291
10.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 291
10.1 The IP Stack in Operating Systems ............................................... 291
10.2 Distributed Systems ........................................................................ 30 I
103 Multi-processing Systems ............................................................... 307
References ..................................................................................................... 309
INDEX ................................................................................................................. 311
Preface
Only 10 years ago Internet was a tenn restricted to the academics, corporate
research centers, and government labs. Over the last decade Internet has
fundamentally changed the way we consume and share infonnation. In the not
too distant future Internet may also be a medium of choice for entertainment -
rumblings of which can be heard in the way digital MP3 music is shared and
distributed.
This book is an attempt to capture some of the IP technologies that are being
developed to address many infonnation related issues that penneates our society.
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the IP version 4. The IP packet is
described in details.
Chapter 2 provides an introduction to IP version 6. Some of the salient
points of difference between IPv4 and IPv6 are pointed out.
Chapter 3 is about routing and discusses routing protocols such as RIP,
OSPF, BGP, and MPLS. Also discussed in this are backbone router architecture
from Cisco Systems and Juniper Networks.
Chapter 4 provides discussions on how IP addresses are assigned to an
interface/node. Various protocols such as DHCP, RADIUS, DIAMETER, IPv6
Neighbor Discover, and AAA are described in depth.
Chapter 5 discusses the Domain Name System from the perspective of IPv4
and IPv6 both. IPv6 specific records, dynamic updates etc, are considered here.
DNS related security are also addressed.
Chapter 6 provides a glimpse of the security issues pertaining to IP. Topics
such as SNMP, NAT, IPSec, SSLlTLS, DoS, etc. are considered here.
Chapter 7 provides a in-depth view of most of the popular protocols used in
enterprises. Among the protocols discussed here are Ethernet, 802.1 x, FCIP,
iFCP, VPN's, etc.
x ADVANCEDIP
Chapter 8 tries to capture the essential protocols used in telecommunication
environment. The topics covered in this chapter are, SCTP, SS7, DSL, DOCSIS,
EFM, GMPLS, etc.
Chapter 9 addresses issues IP faces in mobile environment. The protocols
discussed here are 802.11, Bluetooth, WEP, 3GPP/2, GPRS, Mobile lP, etc.
Chapter 10 discusses enabling software technologies. The topics covered
included detailed description of the IP stack in operating systems such as
VxWorks, Linux, BSD Unix, MS Windows, etc.
I have made every attempt to illustrate how each protocol works both in IPv4
and IPv6 environment. As the protocols themselves are evolving, I expect many
of the protocols to change to various degrees as a gradual transition from IPv4 to
IPv6 happens over this decade.
Acknowledgements
A large number of people helped in shaping this book. Among which I
would like to thank Alex Greene and Melissa Sullivan of Kluwer Publishing,
whose help and support was invaluable in getting this book ready for publication
My heartfelt thank is also due to IETF and IEEE, for keeping open to public
many conferences and electronic discussions that happens in both organizations.
I would also like to thank the following persons for the immense moral
support they provided, Devajit Chaliha, Sabita Goswami, Indira Raisom,
Satyabrata Goswami, Sabita Sarma, Nilima Chaliha, Manas, Taranushi, Srinivas,
and Devanushi. All of whom provided valuable feedbacks during the preparation
of the book. Also would like to acknowledge the influence of my late father,
Prof. Debabrata Goswami, early in life for continuous learning.
Finally, this book would never have been completed without the support of
my wife, Indranushi.
INTRODUCTION
o Types of Network
The Internet is unarguably the most successful network developed in the last
few decades. The explosive growth of the Internet from a few thousands of hosts
to 100 of millions of hosts over the last speaks loudly about its usefulness and
scalability. Prior to development of the Internet the only other ubiquitous
network was the phone system, also known as the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN). These two networks are fundamentally different, the PSTN is
an embodiment of Circuit Switched Network (CSN) and the Internet is an
embodiment of the Packet Switched Network (PSN). The PSTN has evolved
over the last 100 years through government regulations and private monopolies
into the vast world wide network that it is today. In the early 60's, during the
height of the cold war, there was lot of concern about the functioning of the
phone network under attack; fear was slowly dawning upon the leaders of the
world's largest nuclear superpowers that the communications system controlling
that arsenal was vulnerable to small attacks that could disable the ability of the
leaders to command.
Dr. Paul Baran of Rand Corp., from 1959 to 1968, had the task of securing
the telecommunications system. He asked American Telephone & Telegraph Co.
for the plans for its network. AT&T refused, although Baran had the proper
security clearance and the Defense Department supported his work. ATT replied
that it had studied the matter and the system is secure. As narrated in John
Naughton's A Brief History of the Future: The Origins of the Internet, AT&T's
views are memorably summarized in an explosion from AT&T's Jack Osterman
after a long discussion with Baran. "First," he said, "it can't possibly work, and if
it did, damned if we are going to allow the creation of a competitor to ourselves."
In the PSTN system ofthe 60's it was in fact possible to trace the copper lines
over which a voice conversation is carried. The network favored by Baran is the
PSN, where voice is first digitized and then packaged in a set of bits called
packets. Each packet carried the origin and the destination address. The nodes in
the PSN would look at the destination address and forward the packet to the next
node. Thus it is possible in a PSN for different packets of a voice conversation
to be carried through different nodes and links. PSTN's are CSN's, although the
modem PSTN may use virtual circuits, the CSN nodes reserve dedicated
resources for creating an end to end circuit.
S. Goswami, Internet Protocols
© Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003
2 ADVANCEDIP
The idea behind PSN is that messages occupy a communication link only
while data is being sent, rather than on a permanent basis, as in the case of CSN.
The PSN approach was a fundamental paradigm shift from the prevailing CSN
systems in the early 60's. The idea was put forward by Leonard Kleinrock while
he was a Ph.D. student at MIT in 1961[1]. Kleinrock had an offer to join Ken
Olsen in starting Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1957. On hindsight,
even though he may have made a large amount of money, Kleinrock still
considers staying on and getting his graduate degree a smart move. As he points
out correctly that he would not have invented the Internet technology if he had
left graduate school to join Olsen. At around the same time, Paul Baran was also
applying the concept of PSN to the problem of communication network
survivability during war [2]. Baran's goal was to design communication systems
that were more survivable than PSTN during war; if part of the network were
destroyed, messages could still be sent over the surviving nodes. Another person,
Donald Davies of the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom, was
working on similar problems and is credited with inventing the term Packet
Switching in 1966. The first PSN was built and operated with ARPA funding in
1969, what was known as the ARPANET and which went on to become the
Internet. The first PSN node was constructed at UCLA in 1969 by Leonard
Kleinrock.
0.1 Packet Switched Network
As another pioneer of the Internet, Dr. Larry Roberts, recounts in an article
"Packet switching technology was not really an invention, but a reapplication of
the basic dynamic-allocation techniques used for over a century by the mail,
telegraph, and torn paper tape switching systems. A packet switched network
only allocates bandwidth when a block of data is ready to be sent, and only
enough for that one block to travel over one network link at a time. Depending
on the nature of the data traffic being transferred, the packet-switching approach
is 3-100 times more efficient than pre-allocation techniques in reducing the
wastage of available transmission bandwidth resources. To do this, packet
systems require both processing power and buffer storage resources at each
switch in the network for each packet sent. The resulting economic tradeoff is
simple: if lines are cheap, use circuit switching; if computing is cheap, use packet
switching. Although today this seems obvious, before packet switching had been
demonstrated technically and proven economical, the tradeoff was never
recognized, let alone analyzed." [3].
The Internet PSN consists of routers and switches. In very simple terms, the
nodes can be viewed as entities that accept packets at one side, and sends them
out at the other side, after some processing inside. This processing time is known