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COMPUTER SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS I T NTERNET OF HINGS M L AND ACHINE EARNING IN AGRICULTURE No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. C S , T OMPUTER CIENCE ECHNOLOGY A AND PPLICATIONS Additional books and e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. COMPUTER SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS I T NTERNET OF HINGS M L AND ACHINE EARNING IN AGRICULTURE VISHAL JAIN AND JYOTIR MOY CHATTERJEE EDITORS Copyright © 2021 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52305/MTXX5116 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description. This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com. Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN. For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: [email protected]. NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:27)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:72)(cid:16)(cid:69)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:78)(cid:12) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 Smart Farming Enabling Technologies: A Systematic Review 1 Himani Mittal Chapter 2 Internet of Things Platform for Smart Farming 19 Mukta Sharma and Neha Aggarwal Chapter 3 Internet of Things for Smart Farming 43 Md. Alimul Haque, Deepa Sonal, Shameemul Haque and Kailash Kumar Chapter 4 A Comprehensive Review on Intelligent Systems for Mitigating Pests and Diseases in Agriculture 63 G. Rekha and C. Sarada Chapter 5 Plant Disease Detection Using Image Sensors: A Step towards Precision Agriculture 89 Indu Sharma, Aditi Sharma, Inderjit Singh, Rahul Kumar, Yogesh Kumar and Ashutosh Sharma vi Contents Chapter 6 Recent Trends in Agriculture Using IoT, Challenges and Opportunities 131 S. Kannadhasan, R. Nagarajan and M. Shanmuganantham Chapter 7 Early Detection of Infection/Disease in Agriculture 147 N. Ambika Chapter 8 Application of Agriculture Using IoT: Future Perspective for Smart Cities Management 5.0 171 Rohit Rastogi, Sunil Kumar Prajapati, Shiv Kumar, Satyam Verma and Pardeep Kumar Chapter 9 The Internet of Things (IoT) for Sustainable Agriculture 191 M. S. Sadiq, I. P. Singh, M. M. Ahmad and N. Karunakaran Chapter 10 IoT Based Data Collection and Data Analytics Decision Making for Precision Farming 215 A. Firos About the Editors 235 Index 237 PREFACE Agriculture is one of the most fundamental human activities. As long as we’ve pursued it, we’ve tried to master it. Better techniques meant greater yields. This, in turn, kept humans happier and healthier – and helped birth modern society as we know it. There’s only one hitch in this success story, however. As our farming has expanded, the usage of resources such as land, fertilizer, and water has grown exponentially. Environmental pressures from modern farming techniques have stressed our natural landscapes. Still, by some estimates, worldwide food production will need to increase 70% by 2050 to keep up with global demand. With global populations rising, it falls to technology to make farming processes more efficient and keep up with the growing demand. Fortunately, the combination of more data from the Internet of agricultural things and new machine learning capabilities can contribute a crucial part. Machine Learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) can play a very promising role in the Agricultural Industry. Some examples will be: an artificial intelligence programmed drone to monitor the field, an IoT designed automated crop watering system, sensors embedded in the field to monitor temperature and humidity, etc. The agriculture industry is the largest in the world, but when it comes to innovation here there is a lot more to explore. IoT devices can be used to analyze the status of crops. For instance, with soil sensors, farmers can detect any viii Vishal Jain and Jyotir Moy Chatterjee irregular conditions such as high acidity and efficiently tackle these issues to improve their yield. The data gathered from sensors allows applying analytics and getting the insight that aid decisions around harvesting. In this book, we will try to explore the impacts of ML and IoT in the agriculture sector and we will try to point out the challenges facing the agro-industry which can be solved by both Machine Learning and the Internet of Things. Chapter 1 brings together the components required in smart farming and how they are enabled by artificial intelligence and IoT. Chapter 2 begins with the history of agriculture, followed by advances in agricultural technology, highlighting IoT, smart farming using IoT, the various uses of IoT in agriculture, benefits and restrictions. Chapter 3 proposes an IoT-based model to alert farmers for soil moisture conditions, potential damage in agricultural land from the fire and automatic water irrigation started at low moisture of soil or fire. Chapters 4 and 5 outline intelligent systems, the studies aimed to develop intelligent systems for identification of pests and diseases and current literature with proposed solutions in the form of information technology through Internet of Things (IoT), image analysis, machine learning, AI algorithms, and cloud services. Chapter 6 demonstrates the potential of agricultural wireless sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT), as well as the challenges that are expected to arise when this technology is integrated with traditional farming techniques. Chapter 7 proposes a methodology which helps in early detection of disease or infection in agricultural crops by suggesting a sampling methodology to detect the infection at an early stage. Chapter 8 aims at developing an automated smart irrigation system with the help of the Internet of Things. Its aim is to maintain an adequate amount of water needed by the crop by monitoring the amount of soil moisture, temperature and humidity in the soil. Chapter 9 discusses the core ICT-enabled facilities and instruments that have a potential productive effect on farmers, rural citizens and the entire nation's agricultural economy. Chapter 10 discusses adapting the capability of IoT for data collection of features of crops and for automated decision making with data analytics algorithms.