Internet Governance in the Global South. History, Theory, and Contemporary Debates PDF
Preview Internet Governance in the Global South. History, Theory, and Contemporary Debates
INTERNET GOVERNANCE IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH HISTORY, THEORY, AND CONTEMPORARY DEBATES Edited by DANIEL OPPERMANN Internet Governance in the Global South History, Theory, and Contemporary Debates Edited by Daniel Oppermann Núcleo de Pesquisa em Relações Internacionais (NUPRI) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo, Brasil 1 Published in 2018 by International Relations Research Center Núcleo de Pesquisa em Relações Internacionais (NUPRI) University of São Paulo Brazil Núcleo de Pesquisa em Relações Internacionais (NUPRI) Rua do Anfiteatro 181 Colméia Favo 7 Cidade Universitária 05508-060 São Paulo, SP Brasil www.nupri.com.br www.usp.br/nupri/ Cover photography: Muhammad Taha Ibrahim Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives This publication has the Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC-ND. It can be shared by any individual. Noncommercial use only. ISBN 978-3-00-061624-2 2 Contributors Alexandre Arns Gonzales is a Political Science PhD student at the University of Brasília and a scholarship holder of Capes (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal em Nível Superior) at Instituto da Democracia e Democratização da Comunicação. He is a member of the Resocie research group (Repensando as Relações Sociedade e Estado). He holds a master’s degree in Political Science from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), and a bachelor’s degree in International Relations from the Federal University of Pampa. (UNIPAMPA). His research activities are funded by Capes. Carolina Aguerre (PhD) is a professor and researcher at San Andrés University Buenos Aires where she also is a co-director of Centro de Tecnología y Sociedad (CETYS) and the academic director of the Diplomatura en Gobernanza de Internet course (DiGI). She holds a PhD in Social Sciences from the University of Buenos Aires. Colin Darch (PhD) is now retired, and holds honorary appointments at the University of Cape Town and the Human Sciences Research Council in South Africa. He is a Pesquisador Associado at the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE/IEAf) in Recife. His research interests include the political economy of intellectual property, transparency and access to information, and contemporary Mozambican history and politics. Daniel Oppermann (PhD) is a research coordinator for the International Relations Research Center at the University of São Paulo (NUPRI-USP). Daniel studied Political Science at the Free University of Berlin (FUB) and holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of Brasília (UnB). He was a postdoctoral researcher in International Political Economy at the Institute of Economy at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and a researcher at Observatório Político Sul-Americano (OPSA) at the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). Daniel was a member of the Steering Committee of GigaNet, the Global Internet Governance Academic Network, where he also acted as Chair of Program Committee for the annual GigaNet symposium. Daniel is a member of the board of directors of the Brazilian Internet Association Abranet and has worked as an international representative for a European Internet company in Brazil. He started researching online political participation and information warfare in the 1990s during his studies in Berlin. His current research interests include Internet Governance and cyber security. 3 Diego Canabarro holds a PhD in Political Science from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). He works at NIC.br as a member of the advisory team for the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil, CGI). He is a researcher at Centro de Estudos Internacionais sobre Governo (CEGOV-UFRGS) and at Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Democracia Digital (INCT-DD). Jean-Marie Chenou (PhD) is an assistant professor at the department of Political Science at the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia, where he has worked since 2016. He holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Lausanne (Switzerland) and a MA in International Relations from the Université Panthéon-Assas (Paris II). His research focuses on internet governance and the global political economy of the digital age. Juan Sebastián Rojas Fuerte worked as a research assistant with Dr. Jean-Marie Chenou at the Department of Political Science of the Universidad de los Andes during the second semester of 2017. He holds a B.A in Administration and a B.A in Political Science from the Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá. His research interests include the digital economy and its regulation. Ke Yu (PhD) is an associate professor at the Department of Education Leadership and Management of University of Johannesburg (UJ). She worked at the Human Sciences Research Council before joining UJ. Her research interests primarily centre around knowledge production, learning and communication theories, educational technology, as well as counter narrative and comparative studies. Luisa Lobato is a PhD candidate at the Institute of International Relations, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (IRI PUC-Rio) and a researcher at Instituto Igarapé in Rio de Janeiro. Paul White completed his PhD in 2012 and since that time has taught International Relations at the University of Huddersfield, Leeds Beckett University and the University of Derby (UK). His research interests lie in the area of global governance, with a particular focus on Internet governance as well as the ‘new global politics of inequality’. Rachel Adams (PhD) is a researcher at the Information Law and Policy Centre, Institute for Advanced Legal Studies, University of London, and a Research Specialist at the Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa. She holds degrees in English Literature (BA, Royal Holloway), International Human Rights Law (MPhil, UCT, 2011) and 4 Jurisprudence (Ph.D., UCT, 2017). Dr Adams has previously held the position of Senior Researcher Civil and Political Rights at the South African Human Rights Commission, where she authored reports to United Nations' treaty bodies on the state of enjoyment of human rights in South Africa. In 2016, Dr Adams was selected as an African Fellow for the Harvard Law School Institute for Global Law and Policy for her work on feminism and the right of access to information. Her work and research spans human rights and constitutionalism, to artificial intelligence, gender, surveillance and transparency in the post-colony. Dr Adams is also an Editor for the South African Journal on Human Rights, an Associate Editor for the theme Law, Policy Development and Management Science for Calabash: Journal of African Indigenous Knowledge Systems, and a member of the Independent Advisory Board of the Surveillance Camera Commissioner, UK Home Office. Syed Mustafa Ali (PhD) is a Lecturer and convenor of the Critical Information Studies (CIS) research group in the School of Computing and Communications at The Open University, UK. His research in Decolonial Computing focuses on exploring entanglements of race, religion, ethics, power and computing/ICT from a perspective informed by phenomenology, critical race theory and postcolonial/decolonial thought, with a view to interrogating various areas within computing/ICT including AI, critical algorithm/data studies and internet governance. Tewodros Workneh (PhD) is an assistant professor of global communication at Kent State University. Before joining Kent State, Workneh worked as a postdoctoral fellow for the School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Oregon. He also served as a lecturer for the Department of English Language and Literature at Arba Minch University in Ethiopia. Workneh graduated with a Bachelor of Education in English from Debub University in Ethiopia in 2004 and earned a Master of Arts in journalism and communication from Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia in 2007. In 2014, he went on to earn his doctoral degree in media studies with a concentration in international communication from the University of Oregon. While Workneh’s research is focused on international communication and global media, he believes it is important for research to be interdisciplinary for a robust scholastic experience. His current research target includes African diaspora communities, specifically communities from his home country of Ethiopia. Thaíse Kemer is a PhD student of Political Science at the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). She holds a master’s degree in Political Science and is a researcher at the International Relations research group Núcleo de Pesquisa em Relações Internacionais (NEPRI/UFPR). 5 Content Preface 7 PART I: History and Theory 11 From Bandung to the DNS Daniel Oppermann 12 The Difficult Path to the Insertion of the Global South in Internet Governance Jean-Marie Chenou, Juan Sebastián Rojas Fuerte 42 Governança Global da Internet: Aspectos Conceituais, Questões da Agenda Contemporânea e Prospectos para o Estudo do Tema Diego Canabarro 74 Prolegomenon to the Decolonization of Internet Governance Syed Mustafa Ali 109 Do Século XX para o Século XXI: da Revolução Mundial do Cidadão Comum para a Revolução Informacional do Capital Humano Alexandre Arns Gonzales 184 PART II: Contemporary Debates 206 ICANN, New gTLDs and the Global South Paul White 207 6 Los ccTLDs y los Dilemas del Desarrollo Comercial del DNS en América Latina. Reflexiones para el Sur Global Carolina Aguerre 250 Deconstructing the Paradoxes of South Africa’s Emerging Discourse and Framework on ICTs and Internet Governance Colin Darch, Rachel Adams, Ke Yu 277 Governança da Internet a partir da Periferia: Integrando a Amazônia Brasileira aos Debates sobre a Governança da Internet Luisa Lobato 301 Examining the Intersections of Counter-Terrorism Laws and Internet Governance in Ethiopia Tewodros Workneh 334 A Política Externa Brasileira na Governança da Internet: do Direito à Privacidade ao Direito à Participação Thaíse Kemer 363 About NUPRI 398 7 Preface Internet Governance research embraces an increasing number of aspects, academic disciplines, and theoretical approaches. The quantity of global and local events, publications, and debates surrounding Internet Governance has grown after the WSIS process in 2003-2005. Since then, political, economic and social disparities of the world have also left their marks on the debates surrounding the Internet. Analyzing Internet Governance could, on the one hand, be a technical process of applying research methods to a defined question which at first sight might not be bound to geographical specifications. However, it is also part of a social reality and the environment in which research, analysis, and policy development are taking place. There are tremendous differences mostly defined by political and economic structures of the respective countries and also by structural and social differences within countries and regions. The disposability of financial resources and infrastructure does not only impact research environments, it also contributes to local, regional and global agenda settings. A very common and also broad approach to characterize the differentiation among certain parts of the world is the categorization into South and North of the planet in which South embraces mostly what was formerly understood as “developing countries” not to mention more degrading terms like “third” or “fourth” world. But why degrading, one might ask, if looking at the origin and original meaning of the terms. A question that will be discussed in the beginning of this publication, a historical and conceptual debate on the meaning of the Global South. When we discuss the Global South, there is always the challenge how to include the vast variety of countries and cultures of mostly three continents into a single concept, which comprises remarkable internal differences itself. The Global South as a region is the geographical and political focus of this publication to discuss Internet Governance from and about geographically specific but also diversified points of view. The different chapters are approaching debates on Internet Governance in the Global South and also topics that are specific to many countries in the region like challenges of political and 8 economic participation, impacts of colonialism, access to information, cultural diversity, infrastructural difficulties, security discourses and more. The Global South, despite being a largely diversified region, has certain characteristics in common. The heritage of colonization and/or recent authoritarian forms of government in many of its countries have left a mark on the political, economic and social development that are challenging countries and their populations until today. While some countries have shown tremendous economic success, others are still struggling with basic infrastructure and further daily necessities. Independently of their individual situation, all countries are somehow connected to the Internet, and many are interested in participating in local and global debates on Internet Governance. Some are approaching Internet Governance research within institutional frameworks, others are still lacking the necessary structures or resources that allow them to act in the same way. To improve the access and debates on Internet Governance in different parts of the world, this publication includes contributions in three different languages, being Portuguese, Spanish and English. While this step was taken to enhance multilingualism in line with our own possibilities, a critical reflection leads to the awareness, that even more needs to be done to reach contributors from a wider number of countries in the South to participate in future publications on the topic. The publication is divided into two parts. The first part concentrates on a number of historical and theoretical or conceptual approaches to Internet Governance. The second part has a strong focus on contemporary debates concerning selected issues of the field. The historical and theoretical contributions are initiated by a discussion regarding the Global South as a region, its historical formation in the context of decolonization, the debates on the New International Economic Order (NIEO), the New International Information and Communication Order (NIICO), and the political turn to a neoliberal agenda in which Internet Governance was developed (Oppermann). The challenges of Southern countries to participate politically and economically in this environment are then addressed and contextualized through different theoretical frameworks including International Political Economy and global International Relations, combined with a discussion on strategies and ambitions of countries in the Global South to advance their own insertion in Internet Governance (Chenou, Rojas Fuerte). Internet Governance itself as a concept from a historical perspective, including processes of institutionalization, is then addressed by Canabarro, together with a discussion of the NetMundial meeting in
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