Internet child pornography and the law: national and international responses

326 Pages·2008·3.096 MB·English

by  Yaman Akdeniz

INTERNET CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND THE LAW
This page intentionally left blank
Internet Child Pornography
and the Law
National and International Responses
YAMAN AKDENIZ
University of Leeds, UK
© Yaman Akdeniz 2008
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Yaman Akdeniz has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to
be identified as the author of this work.
Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Gower House Suite 420
Croft Road 101 Cherry Street
Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405
Hampshire GU11 3HR USA
England
Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Akdeniz, Yaman
Internet child pornography and the law : national and
international responses
1. Child pornography - Law and legislation 2. Internet
pornography - Law and legislation
I. Title
344' .03276
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Akdeniz, Yaman.
Internet child pornography and the law : national and international responses / by
Yaman Akdeniz.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7546-2297-0
1. Child pornography--Law and legislation. 2. Internet pornography--Law and
legislation. 3. Internet and children. 4. Child sexual abuse--United States--Prevention. I.
Title.
K5293.A38 2008
344.05'47--dc22
2007030990
ISBN 978 0 7546 2297 0
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
Contents
List of Graphs and Tables vii
List of Cases ix
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introduction 1
Part One National Approaches 15
2 Legal Approaches in England and Wales 17
3 Legal Approaches in the United States of America 93
4 Legal Approaches in Canada 141
Part Two Supranational and International Approaches 163
5 European Union Policy 165
6 Council of Europe Policy 193
7 United Nations Policy 209
Part Three Internet Service Providers’ Liability
and Self-Regulatory Approaches 225
8 Internet Service Providers’ Liability 227
9 Self-Regulatory and Co-Regulatory Initiatives 247
10 Conclusion 269
Bibliography 283
Index 301
This page intentionally left blank
List of Graphs and Tables
GRAPHS
Graph 2.1 Section 160, Criminal Justice Act 1988 statistics 34
Graph 2.2 Section 1, Protection of Children Act 1978 statistics 43
Graph 2.3 Statistical comparison for prosecutions and convictions
(1999–2004) 55
Graph 2.4 Comparison of section 1 statistics with section 2 statistics 56
Graph 3.1 US sexual exploitation of children prosecutions
(1995–2006) 130
Graph 3.2 US average prison terms in sexual exploitation
of children prosecutions (1995–2006) 133
Graph 9.1 Internet Watch Foundation statistics (1997–2006) 255
TABLES
Table 2.1 Child pornography prosecution and conviction statistics
(1980–2004) 25
Table 2.2 Statistics for section 160, 1988 Act, 1988–2004 33
Table 2.3 Statistics for Protection of Children Act 1978, 1980–2004 42
Table 2.4 The Sentencing Advisory Panel image description scale 69
Table 2.5 Oliver image description scale 71
Table 2.6 Oliver sentencing guidelines 75
Table 3.1 US child pornography prosecution and conviction statistics
(1995–2006) 131
Table 3.2 US child pornography prosecution and conviction
statistics (averages) 132
Table 3.3 Federal prosecutions of child pornography cases
(1992–2000) 133
Table 3.4 US child pornography conviction statistics (1992–2000) 134
Table 3.5 US child pornography prosecution statistics for 1995 134
Table 3.6 US child pornography prosecution statistics for 1995 134
Table 3.7 Reasons for not prosecuting child pornography cases
– US (1992–2000) 135
Table 3.8 US child pornography prosecution statistics (2002–2004) 136
Table 6.1 Child pornography laws in the Council of Europe region 200
Table 7.1 UN optional protocol signatures and ratifications 215
Table 9.1 CyberTipline statistics 261
This page intentionally left blank
List of Cases
UK
Aston Cantlow and Wilmcote with Billesley Parochial Church Council v. Wallbank
and another [2001] EWCA Civ 713; [2001] 3 All ER 393.
Atkinsv. Director of Public Prosecutions; Goodland v. Director of Public Prosecutions
[2000] 2 All ER 425; [2000] 1 WLR 1427 (QBD).
Attorney-General’s Reference (No. 89 of 2004) [2004] EWCA Crim 3222.
Bunt v. Tilley and others [2006] EWHC 407 (QBD); [2006] 3 All ER 336.
Godfrey v. Demon Internet Ltd [1999] 4 All ER 342; [2000] 3 WLR 1020; [2001]
QB 201 (QBD).
Harper v. The Information Commissioner and Royal Mail, Information Tribunal
Appeal Case, No. EA/2005/0001, 15 November 2005.
Heather and others v. The Leonard Cheshire Foundation and another [2001] EWHC
Admin 429, CO/4503/2000, CO/4727/00 (QBD).
R v. Allison [2001] EWCA Crim 1971, 17 September 2001.
R v. Avery [2004] EWCA Crim 2935.
R v. Barber [2002] 1 Cr App Rep (S) 548.
R v. Beaney [2004] Crim.L.R. 480.
R v. Bibby [2005] EWCA Crim 1859.
R v. Bishop [2005] EWCA Crim 829.
R v. Bolingbroke [2000] The Times, August 16 2000, (CA (Crim Div)).
R v. Bootland [2000] No. 00/5733/W2, 7 December 2000.
R v. Bowden [2000] 2 All ER 418.
R v. Canavan, Kidd and Shaw [1998] 1 Cr App R 79.
R v. Carr [2003] EWCA Crim 2416.
R v. Cawthorne [2004] All ER (D) 10 (Oct).
R v. Clark [2002] EWCA Crim 2925.
R v. Clarke [2005] EWCA Crim 948.
R v. Collard [2004] EWCA Crim 1664.
R v. Collier [2004] EWCA Crim 1411; [2004] All ER (D) 82 (Jun).
R v. Coutts [2005] 1 Cr App Rep 517.
R v. Coxon [2002] EWCA Crim 140 (No. 200105185/X4), 16 January 2002.
R v. Cruz [2002] EWCA Crim 1099 No. 01/6887/Y2, 8 May 2002.
R v. Edwards [2005] EWCA Crim 402.
R v. Evans [2005] All ER (D) 291 (Feb).
R v.Father Adrian McLeish (1996), unreported.
R v. Fellows and Arnold [1997] 1 Cr App R 244; [1997] 2 All E.R. 548; [1997]
Crim. L.R. 524.