Table Of Content

International Women in Science www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 International Women in Science A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 Catharine M. C. Haines with Helen M. Stevens Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Copyright © 2001 by Catharine M. C. Haines All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Haines, Catharine M. C. International women in science : a biographical dictionary to 1950 / Catharine M. C. Haines. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-090-5 (acid-free paper) 1. Women scientists—Biography. I. Title. Q141.H2167 2001 509.2'2—dc21 2001004557 06 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper I. Manufactured in the United States of America www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Contents Women by Profession, xi Preface, xvii International Women in Science Abercrombie, Minnie Louie (Jane) née Bate, Dorothea Minola Alice, 24 Johnson, 1 Beale, Dorothea, 24 Adam, Madge Gertrude, 2 Becker, Lydia Ernestine, 25 Adams, Jacqueline Nancy Mary née Beeton, Isabella Mary née Mayson, 26 Whittaker, 2 Bell, Gertrude Margaret Lowthian, 27 Adams, Mary Grace Agnes née Campin, 3 Bennett, Isobel Ada, 28 Adamson, Joy (Friedericke Victoria) née Bentham, Ethel, 29 Gessner, 3 Bidder, Anna McClean, 29 Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, 4 Bidder, Marion née Greenwood, 31 Aitkin, Yvonne, 5 Biheron, Marie-Catherine, 32 Alcock, Nora Lilian née Scott, 6 Bird, Isabella Lucy, 32 Anderson, Margaret Dampier née Bishop, Ann, 33 Whetham, 7 Blackburn, Kathleen Bever, 34 Anning, Mary, 7 Blackburne, Anna, 35 Arber, Agnes née Robertson, 8 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 36 Armitage, Ella Sophia née Bulley, 9 Blackwood, Margaret, 36 Atkins, Anna née Children, 10 Blagg, Mary Adela, 37 Auerbach, Charlotte, 10 Bleeker, Caroline Emilie (Lili), 38 Ayrton, Phoebe Sarah (Hertha) née Marks, Bobath, Berta Othilie, 38 12 Bonheur, Rosalie Marie (Rosa), 39 Bonnevie, Kristine Elisabeth Heuch, 40 Bacon, Gertrude, 15 Booth, Evelyn Mary, 41 Balfour, (Lady Eve) Evelyn Barbara, 16 Borrowman, Agnes Thompson, 41 Balfour, (Elizabeth) Jean née Drew, 16 Boyle, Alice Helen Anne, 42 Ball, Anne Elizabeth, 17 Brenchley, Winifred Elsie, 43 Baly, Monica E., 17 Bromhall, Margaret Ann, 44 Barber, Mary, 18 Brook, Lady Helen Grace Mary née Barclay-Smith, Phyllis Ida, 19 Knewstub, 44 Bari, Nina Karlovna, 20 Brown, Edith Mary, 45 Barnes, Alice Josephine (Mary Taylor; Brown, Margaret Elizabeth (Mrs. Varley), 45 Dame Josephine Warren), 20 Bryan, Margaret, 46 Barry, James Miranda Steuart, 22 Buchanan, Dorothy Donaldson (Mrs. Flem- Basford, Kathleen, 22 ing), 47 Bassi, Laura Maria Catarina, 23 Buchanan, Margaret Elizabeth, 47 v www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Contents Buckland, Mary née Morland, 48 Drower, Margaret Stephana, 87 Bülbring, Edith, 48 du Châtelet-Lomont, Emilie Gabrielle Burbidge, (Eleanor) Margaret née Peachey, née le Tonnelier de Breteuil, 88 50 Dunn, Barbara, 88 Byron, Augusta (Ada), Countess of Dunscombe, Adaliza Amelia Clara Mary Lovelace, 51 Elizabeth Emma Frances, 88 Durham, Mary Edith, 89 Cable, Alice Mildred, 53 Cadbury, Dorothy Adlington, 54 Eales, Nellie B., 91 Canter-Lund, Hilda M. née Canter, 54 Edwards, Amelia Blandford, 92 Cartwright, Mary Lucy, 56 Ehrlich, Aline née Buchbinder, 92 Cassie Cooper, Una Vivienne née Dellow, 57 Eyles, Joan Mary née Biggs, 93 Casson, Lady Margaret née MacDonald, 58 Eymers, Johanna Geertruid (Truus), 93 Cheesman, Lucy Evelyn, 58 Chick, Harriette, 60 Farquharson, Marian Sarah Ogilvie Chitty, Letitia, 61 née Ridley, 95 Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne, 62 Farrer, Margaret Irene, 95 Clarke, Patricia Hannah née Green, 62 Fawcett, Philippa, 96 Clay, Theresa Rachael, 64 Fell, Honor Bridget, 97 Clayton, Barbara Evelyn, 64 Fergusson, Mary (Molly) Isolen, 98 Clerke, Agnes Mary, 66 Flint, Elizabeth Alice, 98 Clerke, Ellen Mary, 67 Fountaine, Margaret Elizabeth, 99 Clubb, Elizabeth Mary Fitz-Simon Franklin, Lady Jane née Griffin, 100 née Thomas, 67 Franklin, Rosalind Elsie, 100 Cockburn, Patricia Evangeline Ann Fraser, Roslin Margaret Ferguson, 101 née Arbuthnot, 69 Freeman, Joan, 102 Conway, Verona Margaret, 69 Fretter, Vera, 103 Cookson, Isabel Clifton, 70 Freud, Anna, 104 Corradi, Doris, 71 Frost, Winifred Evelyn, 104 Courtauld, Katherine, 71 Fulhame, Elizabeth, 105 Courtauld, Louisa Perina née Ogier, 72 Fulton, Margaret Barr, 105 Courtenay-Latimer, Marjorie Eileen Doris, Furness, Vera I., 107 72 Crane, Eva née Widdowson, 73 Garrett Anderson, Elizabeth née Garrett, Cunliffe, Stella Vivian, 74 109 Curie, Marya (Manya; Marie) née Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth, 110 Sklodowska, 75 Gatty, Margaret née Scott, 111 Currie, Ethel Dobbie, 79 Germain, Sophie, 112 Cust, Aleen, 79 Gibbons, E. Joan, 112 Gleditsch, Ellen, 113 Dal, Ingerid Blanca Juell, 81 Gordon, Isabella, 114 Dalton, Katharina Dorothea née Kuipers, Gordon, Maria Matilda née Ogilvie, 115 82 Goss, Olga May, 115 Datta, Naomi née Goddard, 82 Goulandris, Niki née Kephalia, 116 Davies, Margaret, 83 Gowing, Margaret Mary née Elliott, 117 Déjerine Klumpke, Augusta née Klumpke, Greig, Dorothy Margaret née Hannah, 84 118 Denman, Gertrude Mary née Pearson, 84 Grierson, Mary Anderson, 119 Dent, Edith Vere née Annesley, 85 Gromova, Vera Issacovna, 119 Dony, Christina Mayne née Goodman, 86 Guppy, Eileen M., 119 Downie, Dorothy G., 86 Gwynne-Vaughan, Helen Charlotte Isabella Drew-Baker, Kathleen M. née Drew, 87 née Fraser, 120 vi www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Contents Halicka, Antonina née Jaroszewicz, 123 Kuroda, Chika, 164 Hanson, Emmeline Jean, 124 Harding, Jan née Ansell, 125 Laby, Jean, 165 Harker, Margaret Florence, 126 Lathbury, Kathleen née Culhane, 165 Haslett, Caroline, 127 Laverick, Elizabeth, 166 Hawker, Lilian E., 129 Lavoisier, Marie Anne Pierrette née Paulze, Herschel, Caroline Lucretia, 129 167 Heslop, Mary Kingdon, 130 Lawrie, Jean Eileen née Grant, 168 Hesse, Fanny Angelina (Lina) née Le Sueur, Frances Adams née Ross, 169 Eilshemius, 130 Leakey, Mary Douglas née Nicol, 170 Heywood, Joan, 131 Lebour, Marie Victoire, 171 Hickling, Grace née Watt, 131 Lee, Alma Theodora née Melvaine, 172 Hill, Dorothy, 132 Lehmann, Inge, 172 Hindmarsh, Mary Maclean, 133 Lemon, Margaretta Louisa née Smith, 174 Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary née Crowfoot, 134 Lepaute, Nicole-Reine Etable de la Brière, Hodgson, Elizabeth, 136 174 Hofmann, Elise, 137 Leslie, May Sybil, 175 Holden, Edith Blackwell, 137 Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 176 Holford, Ingrid née Bianchi, 138 Leyel, Hilda Winifred Ivy née Wauton, 177 Holst, Clara, 139 Lindsay, Lilian née Murray, 177 Huggins, Lady Margaret Lindsay Lloyd, Dorothy Jordan, 178 née Murray, 140 Longfield, Cynthia, 179 Humphrey, Edith Ellen, 141 Longstaff, Mary Jane née Donald, 181 Humphries, Carmel Frances, 141 Lonsdale, Kathleen née Yardley, 181 Hutchison, Isobel Wylie, 142 Lowe-McConnell, Rosemary Helen née Lowe, 183 Inglis, Elsie Maud, 143 Lyon, Mary Frances, 185 Irvine, Jean Kennedy, 144 Isaacs, Susan Sutherland née Fairhurst, 145 MacGillavry, Carolina Henriette, 189 Maclean, Ida née Smedley, 189 Jahoda, Marie, 147 MacLeod, Anna Macgillivray, 190 Janovskaja, Sof’ja Aleksandrovna née McMillan, Margaret, 191 Neimark, 148 Macphail, Katherine Stewart, 192 Jefferys, Margot née Davies, 148 MacRobert, Lady Rachael née Workman, Jeffrey, Carol, 149 192 Jekyll, Gertrude, 150 Malleson, Joan Graeme née Billson, 193 Jenkin, Penelope M., 151 Mann, Ida Caroline (Mrs. Gye), 194 Jérémine, Elisabeth née Tschernaieff, 151 Manton, Irene, 196 Jex-Blake, Sophia, 152 Manton, Sidnie Milana (Mrs. Harding), 197 Johnson, Amy, 153 Manzolini, Anna née Morandi, 198 Joliot-Curie, Irène née Curie, 154 Marcet, Jane née Haldimand, 199 Joshua, Joan Olive, 156 Markham, Beryl née Clutterbuck, 200 Marshall, Sheina Macalister, 201 Kann, Edith, 157 Mary, Countess of Rosse née Field, 203 Kennard, Olga née Weisz, 157 Massy, Annie Letitia, 203 Kingsley, Mary Henrietta, 159 May, Valerie, 204 Kipling, Charlotte née Harrison, 160 Mee, Margaret Ursula née Brown, 205 Kirkaldy, Jane Willis, 160 Meitner, Lise, 206 Klein, Melanie née Reizes, 161 Mellanby, Helen, 209 Knox, Elizabeth May née Henderson, 162 Mellanby, Lady May née Tweedy, 209 Kovalevskaya, Sonya (Sofya) Vasilyevna Merian, Maria Sibylla, 210 née Korvin-Krukovsky, 162 Millis, Nancy Fannie, 211 vii www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Contents Milner, Marion, 212 Richards, Audrey Isabel, 260 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley née Richter, Emma née Hüther, 262 Pierrepont, 213 Rickett, Mary Ellen, 262 Montessori, Maria, 214 Robb, Mary Anne née Boulton, 263 Muir, Isabella Helen Mary, 216 Roberts, Mary, 263 Muir-Wood, Helen Marguerite, 217 Robertson, Dorothea, 264 Murray, Alice Rosemary, 217 Robertson, Muriel, 264 Murray, Margaret Alice D., 218 Ross-Craig, Stella, 265 Rosser, Celia Elizabeth née Prince, 265 Nashar, Beryl née Scott, 221 Rothschild, The Honourable Miriam Needham, Dorothy Mary née Moyle, 222 Louisa, 265 Nevill, Lady Dorothy Fanny née Walpole, Rowan, Marian Ellis née Ryan, 267 223 Rozhanskaya, Mariam née Mikhaylovna, Newbigin, Marion Isobel, 223 268 Newton, Lily née Batten, 224 Rule, Margaret Helen née Martin, 269 Nicholas, Charlotte, 225 Russell, Annie Scott Dill, 269 Nightingale, Florence, 225 Russell, Dorothy Stuart, 270 Nihell, Elizabeth, 227 Ruttner-Kolisko, Agnes née Kolisko, 272 Noach, Ilse née Hellman, 228 Ryman, Brenda Edith, 272 Noble, Mary, 229 Noddack, Ida Eva née Tacke, 230 Sackville-West, Victoria May (Vita; North, Marianne, 231 Lady Nicholson), 275 Salmons, Josephine Edna, 276 Ormerod, Eleanor Anne, 233 Sampson, Kathleen, 276 Sandars, Nancy Katharine, 277 Parke, Mary, 237 Sanger, Ruth Ann, 277 Partridge, Margaret Mary, 238 Sansome, Eva née Richardson, 278 Patten, Marguerite, 238 Sargant, Ethel, 279 Payne-Scott, Ruby Violet, 240 Saunders, Cicely Mary Strode, 280 Peirce, Mary Sophie Catherine Teresa, 240 Saunders, Edith Rebecca, 281 Pennington, Winifred Anne, 241 Sayer, Ettie, 282 Perey, Marguerite, 242 Scharlieb, Mary Ann Dacomb née Bird, 282 Perry, Frances Mary née Everett, 243 Schuster, Norah Henriette, 283 Petrie, Hilda Mary Isobel née Urlin, 244 Schütte-Lihotsky, Margarete née Lihotsky, Philbin, Eva Maria née Ryder, 245 284 Pickford, Lillian Mary, 245 Scudder, Ida Sophia, 285 Pirie, Antoinette (Tony) née Patey, 246 Sexton, Alice (Elsie) Wilkins née Wing, 286 Pitt-Rivers, Rosalind Venetia née Henley, Shakespear, Ethel Mary Reader née Wood, 247 287 Platt of Writtle, Baroness née Beryl Shilling, Beatrice (Tilly), 288 Catherine Myatt, 248 Shorten, Monica Ruth, 288 Pockels, Agnes, 249 Singer, Eleanor, 289 Porter, Annie (Mrs. H. B. Fantham), 250 Slávíkova, Ludmila née Kaplanova, 290 Porter, Helen Kemp née Archbold, 252 Smith, Annie Lorrain, 290 Porter, Mary (Polly) Winearls, 253 Snelling, Lilian, 290 Potter, Helen Beatrix, 253 Sohonie, Kamala née Bhagwat, 290 Somerville, Mary Grieg née Fairfax, 291 Raisin, Catherine Alice, 257 Sponer, Hertha, 293 Ratcliffe, Edna Jane, 258 Spooner, Mary Florence (Molly) née Mare, Rayner, Mabel Mary Cheveley, 258 293 Rees, Florence Gwendolen, 259 Staveley, Dulcie, 294 Resvoll, Thekla Susanne Ragnhild, 260 Stephansen, Mary Ann Elizabeth, 295 viii www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Contents Stephenson, Marjory, 296 Wakefield, Priscilla née Bell, 321 Stewart, Alice Mary née Naish, 298 Ward, Mary née King, 321 Stewart, Olga Margaret née Mounsey, 301 Warington, Katherine, 322 Stjernstedt, Rosemary, 301 Watson, Janet Vida, 322 Stones, Margaret, 302 Webster, Mary McCallum, 324 Stopes, Marie Charlotte Carmichael, 303 Welch, Ann Courtenay, 325 Welch, Barbara née Gullick, 325 Tammes, Jantine (Tine), 307 White, Margaret, 326 Taylor, Janet, 307 Widdowson, Elsie May, 326 Taylor, Mary, 308 Wiggins, Philippa Marion, 328 Tonolli, Livia née Pirocchi, 308 Wijnberg, Rosalie, 329 Trewavas, Ethelwynn, 309 Williams, Cicely Delphine, 329 Turner, Emma Louisa, 310 Williams, Ethel May Nucella, 331 Turner, Helen Alma Newton, 310 Willmott, Ellen, 332 Turner-Warwick, Margaret née Moore, Wilman, Maria, 332 311 Wilson, Fiammetta née Worthington, 333 Winch, Hope Constance Monica, 333 Uvarov, Olga Nikolaevna, 313 Wood, Audrey, 334 Vachell, Eleanor, 315 Xie, Xide ( Hsieh Hsi-teh), 337 Van Heyningen, Ruth Eleanor née Treverton, 316 Yasui, Kono, 339 Vansittart, Henrietta née Lowe, 317 Yoshioka, Yoyoi née Washiyama, 340 Vaughan, Janet Maria, 317 Young, Grace née Chisholm, 340 Vickery, Joyce Winifred, 319 Yuasa, Toshiko, 341 Select Bibliography, 343 Index, 347 About the Authors, 385 ix www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868