International Textbook of Obesity

499 Pages·2001·12.087 MB·English

by  Per Björntorp

InternationalTextbookofObesity.EditedbyPerBjorntorp.
Copyright©2001JohnWiley&SonsLtd
PrintISBNs:0-471-988707(Hardback);0-470-846739(Electronic)
International Textbook of
Obesity
Edited by
Per Bjo¨ rntorp
Sahlgrenska Hospital,Go¨ teborg, Sweden
huangzhiman 2002.12.19
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
Chichester (cid:1) New York (cid:1) Weinheim (cid:1) Brisbane (cid:1) Singapore (cid:1) Toronto
InternationalTextbookofObesity.EditedbyPerBjorntorp.
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1.Obesity. I.Bjo¨rntorp,Per.
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InternationalTextbookofObesity.EditedbyPerBjorntorp.
Copyright©2001JohnWiley&SonsLtd
PrintISBNs:0-471-988707(Hardback);0-470-846739(Electronic)
Contents
8. RegulationofAppetiteandthe
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
Management of Obesity . . . . . . . . . 113
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi JohnE.Blundell
9. PhysiologicalRegulationof
P I E . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Macronutrient Balance . . . . . . . . . . 125
SusanA.JebbandAndrewM.
1. Obesity as a Global Problem . . . . . . . 3
Prentice
VickiJ.AntipatisandTimP.Gill
10. Fatin theDiet and Obesity . . . . . . . 137
2. The Epidemiology of Obesity . . . . . . 23
BeritLilienthalHeitmannand
JacobC.Seidell
LaurenLissner
3. BodyWeight,BodyComposition
11. EnergyExpenditureatRestand
and Longevity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
During Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
DavidB.Allison,MoonseongHeo,
Bjo¨rnEkblom
KevinR.Fontaineand
DanielJ.Hoffman 12. ExerciseandMacronutrient
Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
P II D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 AngeloTremblayand
Jean-PierreDespre´s
4. AnthropometricIndicesofObesityand
Regional Distribution of Fat Depots . 51 P IV P  T
T.S.HanandM.E.J.Lean  O . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5. Screeningthe Population . . . . . . . . . . 67 13. The Specificity of Adipose Depots . . 165
BerntLindahl CarolineM.Pond
6. Evaluation of Human Adiposity . . . . 85 14. CausesofObesityand
StevenB.Heymsfield,DanielJ. ConsequencesofObesityPrevention
Hoffman,CorradoTestolinand inNon-humanPrimatesandOther
ZiMianWang Animal Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
BarbaraC.Hansen
P III A R  15. SocialStatus,SocialStressandFat
O P . . . . 99 Distribution in Primates . . . . . . . . . 203
CarolA.ShivelyandJeanneM.
7. RoleofNeuropeptidesandLeptin
Wallace
in Food Intake and Obesity . . . . . . . 101
BernardJeanrenaudand 16. Centralization of Body Fat . . . . . . . 213
Franc¸oiseRohner-Jeanrenaud PerBjo¨rntorp
vi CONTENTS
17. ObesityandHormonal 27. PulmonaryDiseases(IncludingSleep
Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Apnoea and Pickwickian Syndrome) 385
RenatoPasqualiandValentina TraceyD.RobinsonandRonald
Vicennati R.Grunstein
18. Cortisol Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 28. Obesity and Gallstones . . . . . . . . . . 399
BrianR.WalkerandJonathan S.HeshkaandS.Heymsfield
R.Seckl
19. Drug-induced Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . 269 P VI M . . . . . . . . . 411
LeifBreumandMadelynH.
loss
Fernstrom 29. HealthBenefitsandRisksofWeight
Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
20. Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
LalitaKhaodhiarandGeorgeL.
HelenE.Harris
Blackburn
21. SocialandCulturalInfluenceson
30. Treatment: Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
StephanRo¨ssner
JefferySobal
31. RecentandFutureDrugsforthe
22. CessationofSmokingandBody
Treatment of Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
LucF.vanGaal,IlseL.Mertens
KennethD.Ward,RobertC.Klesges
andIvoH.DeLeeuw
andMarkW.VanderWeg
32. Treatment:Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . 471
P V C . . . . . . . . . 337 Bjo¨rnAndersson,Gudmundur
JohannssonandBengt-A(cid:1) keBengtsson
23. VisceralObesityandtheMetabolic
Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 33. WhyQualityofLifeMeasuresShould
RolandRosmond BeUsedintheTreatmentofPatients
with Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
24. ObesityandType2Diabetes
MarianneSullivan,JanKarlsson,
Mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
LarsSjo¨stro¨mandCharlesTaft
AllisonM.Hodge,MaximilianP.de
CourtenandPaulZimmet 34. Surgical Treatment of Obesity . . . . 511
JohnG.Kral
25. CardiovascularDisease . . . . . . . . . . 365
AntonioTiengoandAngeloAvogaro 35. Swedish Obese Subjects, SOS . . . . . 519
LarsSjo¨stro¨m
26. Obesity,OverweightandHuman
Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
MichaelHill Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
InternationalTextbookofObesity.EditedbyPerBjorntorp.
Copyright©2001JohnWiley&SonsLtd
PrintISBNs:0-471-988707(Hardback);0-470-846739(Electronic)
Contributors
DavidB.Allison ObesityResearchCenter,
LeifBreumMD DepartmentofMedicine,
StLukes/RooseveltHospitalCenter,1090
EndocrineUnit,KøgeHospital,DK-4600Køge,
AmsterdamAvenue,14thFloor,NewYork,NY
Denmark
10025,USA
Email:[email protected]
Email:[email protected]
MaximilianP.deCourtenMDMPH
Bjo¨rnAndersson DepartmentofMedicine, InternationalDiabetesInstitute,260Kooyong
SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital,Universityof Road,CaulfieldVic3162,Australia
Go¨teborg,S-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden
IvoH.DeLeeuw DepartmentofEndocrinology,
Email:[email protected]
MetabolismandClinicalNutrition,University
HospitalAntwerp,Wilrijkstraat10,2650Edegem,
VickiJ.AntipatisMSc InternationalObesityTask
Antwerp,Belgium
Force,RowettResearchInstitute,Greenburn
Road,Bucksburn,AberdeenAB219SB,UK Jean-PierreDespre´s DivisionofKinesiologyand
Email:[email protected] DepartmentofFoodSciencesandNutrition,Laval
University,Ste-Foy,Quebec,CanadaG1K7P4
AngeloAvogaro DepartmentofClinicaland
Bjo¨rnEkblom DepartmentofPhysiologyand
ExperimentalMedicine,UniversityofPadova,Via
Pharmacology,Lidingo¨va¨gen2,Karolinska
Giustiniani2,35100Padova,Italy
Institute,11486Stockholm,Sweden
Bengt-A(cid:1) keBengtsson ResearchCenterfor MadelynH.FernstromPhD Professor,Weight
EndocrinologyandMetabolism,Sahlgrenska ManagementCenter,UniversityofPittsburgh
UniversityHospital,UniversityofGo¨teborg, SchoolofMedicine,WesternPsychiatricInstitute
S-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden andClinic,3811O’HaraStreet,PittsburghPA
15213,USA
PerBjo¨rntorpMDPhD Professor,Department
Email:[email protected]
ofHeartandLungDiseases,Sahlgrenska
UniversityHospital,UniversityofGo¨teborg, KevinR.Fontaine DepartmentofMedicine,
S-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden DivisionofGerontology,UniversityofMaryland,
Email:[email protected] VAMedicalCenter,Baltimore,Maryland,USA
TimP.GillPhDRPHNutr InternationalObesity
GeorgeL.BlackburnMDPhD Professorand
TaskForce,RowettResearchInstitute,Greenburn
DirectorofNutritionalServices,Departmentof
Road,Bucksburn,AberdeenAB219SB,UK
Surgery,BethIsraelDeaconessHospital,330
Email:[email protected]
BrooklineAvenue,BostonMA02215,USA
Email:[email protected] RonaldR.GrunsteinFRACPPhDMD Centre
forRespiratoryFailureandSleepDisorders,Level
JohnE.Blundell BioPsychologyGroup,University 9,EBlock,RoyalPrinceAlfredHospital,
ofLeeds,LeedsLS29JT,UK Camperdown,SydneyNSW2050,Australia
Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected]
viii CONTRIBUTORS
T.S.HanPhD WolfsonCollege,Universityof SusanA.Jebb MRCHumanNutritionResearch,
Cambridge,CambridgeCB39BB,UK DownhamsLane,CambridgeCB41XJ,UK
Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected]
BarbaraC.HansenPhD ProfessorandDirector, GudmundurJohannsson ResearchCenterfor
ObesityandDiabetesResearchCenter,University EndocrinologyandMetabolism,Sahlgrenska
ofMarylandSchoolofMedicine,10SouthPine UniversityHospital,UniversityofGo¨teborg,
Street(cid:1)6-00,Baltimore,Maryland21201,USA S-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden
Email:[email protected]
JanKarlsson HealthCareResearchUnit,
HelenH.Harris PHLSCommunicableDisease SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital,Universityof
SurveillanceCentre,61CollindaleAvenue, Go¨teborg,S-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden
LondonNW95EQ,UK
LalitaKhaodhiarMD FellowinClinical
Email:[email protected]
Nutrition,BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter,
BeritLilienthalHeitman InstituteofPreventive 1AutumnStreet,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,
Medicine,CopenhagenHealthServices, Massachusetts02215,USA
CopenhagenMunicipalHospital,DK-1399
RobertC.KlesgesPhD UniversityofMemphis
CopenhagenK,Denmark
CenterforCommunityHealth,5350Poplar
Email:[email protected]
Avenue,Memphis,TN38119,USA
MoonseongHeo ObesityResearchCenter,
JohnG.KralMDPhD SUNYDownstateMedical
StLuke’s/RooseveltCenter,1090Amsterdam
Center,450ClarksonAvenue,Box40,Brooklyn,
Avenue,14thFloor,NewYork,NY10025,USA
NewYork11203,USA
Email:[email protected]
S.Heshka StLuke’s/RooseveltHospitalCenter,
1111AmsterdamAvenue,NewYork,NY10025,
M.E.J.LeanMAMDFRCP Departmentof
USA
HumanNutrition,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow
RoyalInfirmary,GlasgowG312ER,UK
StevenB.HeymsfieldPhD WeightControlUnit,
Email:[email protected]
ObesityResearchCenter,StLuke’s/Roosevelt
HospitalCenter,1090AmsterdamAvenue,14th BerntLindahlMD BehaviouralMedicine,
Floor,NewYork,NY10025,USA DepartmentofPublicHealthandClinical
Email:[email protected] Medicine,Umea˚ University,SE-90187Umea˚,
Sweden
MichaelHillDScFRCPath Chairman,European
Email:[email protected]
CancerPreventionOrganisation;Professor,
NutritionResearchCentre,SouthBankUniversity, LaurenLissner DepartmentofMedicine,
103BoroughRoad,LondonSE10AA,UK SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital,Universityof
Go¨teborg,S-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden
AllisonM.HodgeBAgScBScGradDipDiet
InternationalDiabetesInstitute,260Kooyong IlseL.Mertens DepartmentofEndocrinology,
Road,Caulfield,Victoria3162,Australia MetabolismandClinicalNutrition,University
Email:[email protected] HospitalAntwerp,Wilrijkstraat10,2650Edegem,
Antwerp,Belgium
DanielJ.HoffmanPhDMPH ObesityResearch
Center,StLuke’s/RooseveltMedicalCenter, RenatoPasqualiMD EndocrinologyUnit,
1090AmsterdamAvenue,14thFloor,NewYork, DepartmentofInternalMedicineand
NY10025,USA Gastroenterology,S.Orsola-MalphighiHospital,
Email:[email protected] ViaMassarenti9,40138Bologna,Italy
Email:[email protected]
BernardJeanrenaud LillyResearchLaboratories,
DivisionofEndocrineResearchandClinical C.M.Pond DepartmentofBiology,TheOpen
Investigation,LillyCorporateCenter, University,MiltonKeynesMK76AA,UK
Indianapolis,Indiana46285,USA Email:[email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS ix
AndrewM.Prentice MRCHumanNutrition MarianneSullivan Professor,HealthCare
Research,ElsieWiddarsonLaboratory,Fulbourn ResearchUnit,SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital,
Road,CambridgeCB19NL,UK UniversityofGo¨teborg,SE-41345Go¨teborg,
Email:[email protected] Sweden
Email:[email protected]
TraceyD.RobinsonMBBSFRACP Centrefor
RespiratoryFailureandSleepDisorders,Royal CharlesTaft HealthCareResearchUnit,
PrinceAlfredHospital,Camperdown,Sydney SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital,Universityof
NSW2050,Australia Go¨teborg,SE-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden
Email:[email protected]
CorradoTestolin ObesityResearchCenter,
Franc¸oiseRohner-Jeanrenaud Laboratoiresde StLuke’s/RooseveltHospitalMedicalCenter,
RecherchesMetaboliques,GenevaUniversity 1090AmsterdamAvenue,14thFloor,NewYork,
SchoolofMedicine,Geneva,Switzerland NY10025,USA
Email:Jeanrenaud—[email protected]
AntonioTiengo DepartmentofClinicaland
RolandRosmond DepartmentofHeartandLung ExperimentalMedicine,UniversityofPadova,Via
Diseases,SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital, Giustiniani2,35100Padova,Italy
UniversityofGo¨teborg,S-41345Go¨teborg, Email:[email protected]
Sweden
AngeloTremblay DivisionofKinesiologyand
DepartmentofFoodSciencesandNutrition,
StephanRo¨ssner Professor,ObesityUnit,M73,
PhysicalActivitySciencesLaboratory,Laval
HuddingeUniversityHospital,S-14186
University,Ste-Foy,Quebec,CanadaG1K7P4
Stockholm,Sweden
Email:[email protected]
Email:[email protected]
LucF.vanGaal Professor,Departmentof
JonathanR.Seckl UniversityofEdinburgh,
Endocrinology,MetabolismandClinical
EndocrinologyUnit,DepartmentofMedical
Nutrition,UniversityHospitalAntwerp,
Sciences,WesternGeneralHospital,Edinburgh
Wilrijkstraat10,2650Edegem,Antwerp,Belgium
EH42XU,UK
MarkW.VanderWegPhD Professor,University
JacobC.SeidellPhD DepartmentofChronic
ofMemphisCenterforCommunityHealth,5350
DiseasesEpidemiology,NationalInstituteof
PoplarAvenue,Memphis,TN38119,USA
PublicHealthandEnvironmentalProtection,
InstituteforResearchinExtramuralMedicine, ValentinaVicennati EndocrinologyUnit,
FreeUniversityAmsterdam,POBox1,3720BA DepartmentofInternalMedicineand
Bilthoven,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands Gastroenterology,S.Orsola-MalpighiHospital,
Email:[email protected] ViaMassarenti9,40138Bologna,Italy
CarolA.ShivelyPhD DepartmentofPathology BrianR.Walker UniversityofEdinburgh,
(ComparativeMedicine),WakeForestUniversity EndocrinologyUnit,DepartmentofMedical
SchoolofMedicine,MedicalCenterBoulevard, Sciences,WesternGeneralHospital,Edinburgh
Winston-Salem,NC27157-1040,USA EH42XU,UK
Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected]
LarsSjo¨stro¨m DepartmentofInternalMedicine, JeanneM.Wallace DepartmentofPathology
SahlgrenskaUniversityHospital,Universityof (ComparativeMedicine),WakeForestUniversity
Go¨teborg,S-41345Go¨teborg,Sweden SchoolofMedicine,MedicalCenterBoulevard,
Email:[email protected] Winston-Salem,NC27157-1040,USA
JefferySobalPhDMPH DivisionofNutritional ZiMianWang ObesityResearchCenter,
Sciences,CornellUniversity,303MVRHall, StLuke’s/RooseveltHospitalCenter,1090
IthacaNY14853,USA AmsterdamAvenue,14thFloor,NewYork,
Email:[email protected] NY10025,USA
x CONTRIBUTORS
KennethD.WardPhD AssistantProfessor, PaulZimmetMDPhDFRACP Professor,
UniversityofMemphisCenterforCommunity InternationalDiabetesInstitute,260Kooyong
Health,5350PoplarAvenue,Suite675,Memphis, Road,Caulfield,Victoria3162,Australia
TN38119,USA Email:[email protected]
Email:[email protected]
InternationalTextbookofObesity.EditedbyPerBjorntorp.
Copyright©2001JohnWiley&SonsLtd
PrintISBNs:0-471-988707(Hardback);0-470-846739(Electronic)
Preface
Why another book on obesity? Recently we have answer: obesity. I then suggested that we should
seen several similar books of which some are very joinforcesandseewhatcanbedonetopreventand
comprehensive.Thefinalizingofthisbookhasbeen treat obesity more successfully than is possible to-
delayed.Itwasoriginallymeanttobepresentedat day.Thiswasmetwithconsiderableenthusiasm.
the Paris Congress as another armament in the The obesity and diabetes fields are largely over-
current worldwide fight against obesity. This first lapping. As a matter of fact obesity might be con-
plannedbookwasratherlimitedincontents,butit sidered as the first step towards diabetes, where
was eventually decided to cover additional fields, beta-cellinsufficiencyiseventuallyadded.Ithinkit
andhereistheresult. wouldbeextremelyusefulforbothfieldstocollab-
The field of modern obesity research is fairly orate more than is now the case. In a way the
young and has expanded considerably with time. current situation is reminiscentof the clinical sub-
The‘pioneers’whobeganthisresearcharestilltoa specializationwhere various organs are treated by
largeextentactive,andseveralhavecontributedto different specialists, who have difficulties in seeing
this book with reviews in their respective sub- the world outside the fence, and thereby miss im-
speciality of obesity research. One ambition with portantinformationthatmightbenefitthepatient.
the present book was to invite several younger re- What we could do, as an initial step, is to reserve
searcherstowritechapters.Inthiswaynewangles largepartsofobesitymeetingsfordiabetesandvice
of the problem have been presented. Rethinking versa. Several presidents for upcoming congresses
andresearchshouldgohandinhand. inbothobesityanddiabeteshave,asaresponsetoa
Although things appear to improve, I have the directquestion,agreedthatthisisagoodidea,and
impressionthatatleastincertaincountriesobesity wewillseeifthisisonlylip-serviceoriftheideahas
is still not considered with sufficient seriousness. beentakenseriously.
Theeconomicargumentsseemtohavemadesome The concept of the metabolic syndrome, a syn-
politicians and decision makers raise their eye- dromestronglyassociatedwithabdominalobesity,
brows. The involvement of central, international has been very helpful in facilitating the realization
organizationsin making recommendationsshould thatwearetoalargeextentdealingwithacommon
have an effect. National problems of obesity are backgroundtoprevalentdiseases.Theawarenessof
nowalsothesubjectofsurveysinseveralcountries this syndrome has had the consequence that the
andcounteractionsareplanned. complexobesity—insulinresistance—dyslipidaemia—
A major problem is, however, that we still have hypertensionis oftendiscussedas a clusterin con-
difficulties impressing ourselves on adjacent areas gresses of diabetes, cardiology and hypertension.
of research. To take one example, during a recent The realization of this clustering of symptoms has
majorcongressondiabetesmellitusIaskedahand- alsohadanimpactonclinicalactivities,andhasled
ful of leading diabetes researchers the following to work-up outside one particular specialty. It is
questions:Whichis themajor problemin diabetes now more frequent that hypertensiologists deter-
research? Unanimous answer: diabetes mellitus minecirculatinglipidsandthatcardiologistsexam-
type 2. Which is the most frequent risk factor or ine insulin resistance, and, most importantly,
precursorstatetothistypeofdiabetes?Unanimous register height, weight and body circumferences.
x PREFACE
Thisisclearlyalargestepforward. thisbook,andalsoWileywhoaskedmetoorganize
Writing chapters for a book like this is a major it.ThecollaborationwithMichaelOsuchandHan-
task, interfering with the activities of an already nahBradleyhasbeenverypleasant.
busy day. I would like to thank the contributors
whohavetakenonthetaskofwritingchaptersfor PerBjo¨rntorp
UniversityofGo¨teborg,Sweden