International Students and Crime PDF
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International Students and Crime International Students and Crime Helen Forbes-Mewett LecturerinSociologyandPost-doctoralFellow,MonashUniversity,Australia Jude McCulloch ProfessorofCriminology,MonashUniversity,Australia Chris Nyland ProfessorofInternationalBusiness,MonashUniversity,Australia ©HelenForbes-Mewett,JudeMcCullochandChrisNyland2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-1-137-03496-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2015by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-44209-6 ISBN 978-1-137-03497-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137034977 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. For Garry, Glenn and Adrienne Mewett, who make this world a better place Contents Acknowledgements viii AbouttheAuthors ix 1 Introduction 1 2 ComparingUS,UKandAustralianStudentMarkets 16 3 InternationalStudentsasVictimsofCrime 44 4 InternationalStudentsasPerpetratorsofCrime 70 5 Non-ViolentCrime 99 6 SeriousandViolentCrime 128 7 GenderedCrime 154 8 OrganisedCrime 196 9 StayingSafefromCrime 219 10 Responsibility 238 11 Conclusion 280 Notes 287 References 288 Index 296 vii Acknowledgements Wegratefullyacknowledgetheintervieweeswhogavesogenerouslyof their time and provided invaluable insights into the topic of interna- tional students and crime. It goes without saying that the book could nothavebeenwrittenwithouttheircontributions.Wealsoextendour thanks to the numerous education institutions in the US, the UK and Australiafortheircooperationandinterestintheprojectunderpinning thisbook. WearemostgratefulfortheresearchassistanceprovidedbyMadeleine Pape – forever reliable, capable and hardworking. We extend our grati- tude to Judith McGinnis, who transcribed the 150 lengthy interviews with precision and great efficiency. Without the skills, hard work and goodhumourofMadeleineandJudith,thisbookcouldneverhavebeen completedwithsuchefficiency. OursincerethanksalsotoJuliaWillanandHarriettBarkeratPalgrave Macmillanfortheirsupportandhelpfulnessthroughouttheprocess. OurcolleaguesintheSchoolofSocialSciencesandtheFacultyofArts atMonashUniversitydeservespecialthanksforprovidingastimulating andsupportiveresearchenvironmentinwhichtocompletethisproject. The collegial interdisciplinary environment of the School and Faculty enrichedtheprojectimmeasurably. We are grateful to the Australian Research Council for funding provided through the Discovery Project and Post-doctoral Fellowship programmesfortheresearchthatformsthefoundationofthisbook. Finally,loveandgratitudetoourfamiliesforprovidingsupportiveand stableenvironmentsthatmadethecompletionofthisbookpossibleand enjoyable. viii About the Authors Helen Forbes-Mewett is Lecturer and Research Fellow in Sociology in the School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia. Her work focuses on international student safety and security, cultural diversity, social inclusion, gender relations and crime. She regularly publishes in leadinginternationalrefereedscholarlyjournals.Hermostrecentbook is International Student Security (with Simon Marginson, Chris Nyland andErlenawatiSawir2010).ShehasalsocontributedtotheEncyclopedia ofCriminalJusticeEthics(Arrigo,ed.2014). Jude McCulloch is Professor of Criminology in the School of Social Sciences, Monash University. She has researched and published on themilitarisationofpolicing,counter-terrorism,statecrime,crimeand globalisation and the politics of security and law and order. Her most recentbooksareStateCrimeandResistance(withElizabethStanley)and CrimeandBorders(withSharonPickering).Hercurrentresearchfocuses on pre-crime. Her book (with Sharon Pickering and Dean Wilson) Pre-Crime:Preemption,PrecautionandtheFuturewillbepublishedin2015. Chris Nyland is Professor of Management at Monash University. His research interests are diverse but centre on globalisation and human security,includingthesecurityofinternationalstudents,thehistoryof managementthoughtandbusinessregulation. ix 1 Introduction We begin this book with the important acknowledgement that most international students do not become victims of crime. Fewer still are perpetrators. Nonetheless, international students and crime is an issue ofmajorinternationalconcern,impactingonthelucrativeinternational student market, international relations, host countries’ reputations as tolerant and safe, and perhaps most significantly, the safety and secu- rity of international students as well as the broader population. While crimescommittedagainstandbyinternationalstudentshaveattracted agreatdealofmediaattention,publiccommentaryanddebateinboth sendingandhostcountries,therehasbeenlittleresearchthatsystemati- callydescribes,analysesandreflectsonthephenomena.Wepresentnew informationaboutthevictimsandtheperpetrators,andtheircontexts inAustralia,theUnitedStates(US)andtheUnitedKingdom(UK). An Indian international student was at a party, for his friend’s 24th birthday,inMelbourne,Australia.Itwasattendedby20–25othermale Indian students. There was dancing, food and alcohol. Two uninvited andintoxicatedlocalyouthsarrivedandwereinitiallywelcomed–until analtercationtookplace.TheIndianstudentandhisfriendwhosebirth- day they were celebrating were severely beaten. There were also two othervictims. [One Indian international student] had suffered a traumatic brain injury [and]...remained in intensive care for seven days. [He requiredongoingrehabilitation] A Victim Impact Statement tendered on his behalf as Exhibit ‘E’ speakspoignantlyoftheconsequencesof[the]attackuponhim: I and my family are going through immeasurable trauma. I feel depressedandconfused.Thisincidenthasruinedmylife,mycareer 1 2 InternationalStudentsandCrime and my future. I am no more the same person I used to be. Now I alwayshavetobeunderthesupervisionofsomeone.Ihavetoforego my passion for cars and driving. I can no more enjoy my favourite movies. My life has come to a standstill and I see no hope. I under- stand that I need to digest and come to terms with my limitations, butIamunabletodoso. [Thevictim]alsoreportedthattheincidenthasdevastatedhisfamily bothemotionallyandfinancially.InhisVictimImpactStatement,he wentontosay: Myfatherisafarmer.Hehasborrowedalotofmoneyfromourrel- atives to sponsor my education in Australia. He thought I would successfully finish my education and support the family back in India.Myfather,motherandbrotherhavecometoMelbournefrom Indiatosupportme.Theyhadtogiveouragriculturallandforlease atanominalcost. (SupremeCourtofVictoriaatMelbourneCriminalDivision, Judgement31March2010,Australia) This book provides a detailed comparative account of international studentsandcrimeacrossthreemajorinternationaleducationprovider countries: the US, the UK and Australia. We consider similarities and differences in the internationalisation of higher education, discussing historical and structural influences on various models and how these impact international students. We present the perspectives of key observers and examine the experiences of international students. The interpretationoftheextensiveandrichqualitativedataisourresponsi- bility. Participants from the US, the UK or Australia contributed to the project,whichformsthebasisofthisbook. Theissueofcrimeishighlyimportantformanystudentswhenchoos- ing their study destination. It was revealed in 2010 that between 90 and 94 per cent of Asian students in Australia rated safety and secu- rity as the most important reason for their study destination choice (Marginson et al., 2010). More recently, the British Council – an inter- national organisation that focuses on educational opportunities and cultural relations– reported that the issue is increasing in importance andthatthephenomenoncannotbeattributedtoanyonespecificinflu- ence.Rather,thereport‘suggeststhatanumberoffactorsandchanging market dynamics have come together to influence opinion and raise concerns globally about student safety’ (British Council, 2012, p. 9). It seems that the number of reported attacks on students has grown
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