INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE ...

338 Pages·2017·2.93 MB·English

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND
THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF
CHINA, 1949-2002

By
ROBICHAUD Christopher Ryan

September 2017

Dissertation Presented to the Higher Degree Committee
of Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Copyright © 2017 by Christopher Ryan Robichaud
All rights reserved
Table of Contents

FIGURES AND TABLES .............................................................................................................. v
FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ v
TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... viii
RESEARCH METHOD .............................................................................................................. xii
How best to pursue understanding ...................................................................................... xvii
CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS IN CHINESE FOREIGN RELATIONS 1944-2002
...................................................................................................................................................... xxv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... xxix
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
WHY DOES IT MATTER? ................................................................................................................ 4
FROM WHENCE THIS QUERY WAS BORN ....................................................................................... 7
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................. 8
STRUCTURE OF THIS DISSERTATION ........................................................................................... 10
DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................... 16
China and ‘Chinese-ness’ ...................................................................................................... 16
Nationalism ............................................................................................................................ 19
LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER ONE: HISTORY, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, AND THE CHINESE
EXPERIENCE .............................................................................................................................. 23
HISTORY AS IDENTITY ................................................................................................................ 23
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN HISTORY .................................................................................. 26
CHINA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ............................................. 34
CHAPTER TWO: FOREIGN DEVILS, THE QING & REPUBLICAN CHINA’S
FOREIGN POLICY ..................................................................................................................... 46
THE LATE QING: NECESSITY OF INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION ................................................. 47
REPUBLICAN CHINA ................................................................................................................... 53
CHAPTER THREE: CCP EXPERIENCES IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS PRIOR TO
OCTOBER 1, 1949 ....................................................................................................................... 57
ONE THING’S END IS ANOTHER’S BEGINNING ............................................................................. 64
The unraveling ....................................................................................................................... 65
Never trust a bear to do anything except bite ........................................................................ 71
Unraveled and then divided ................................................................................................... 74
Chinese independence ............................................................................................................ 81
EXPERIENCE GIVES RISE TO THEORY ......................................................................................... 85
CHAPTER FOUR: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND THE FOREIGN
MINISTRY DURING THE MAO ZEDONG ERA ................................................................... 91
THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNDER MAO
ZEDONG ...................................................................................................................................... 95
The Foreign Ministry from 1949-1966 ................................................................................ 101
iii
The Foreign Ministry from 1966-1976: The Cultural Revolution ....................................... 104
THE SELECTED WORKS OF MAO ZEDONG AND ZHOU ENALI .................................................. 108
The Selected Works of Mao Zedong ..................................................................................... 111
Selected Works of Zhou Enlai .............................................................................................. 123
HISTORICAL SURVEY: 1949-1976 ............................................................................................ 134
1949-1960 ............................................................................................................................ 134
1961-1970 ............................................................................................................................ 146
1971-1976 ............................................................................................................................ 152
CHAPTER FIVE: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND THE FOREIGN
MINISTRY DURING THE DENG XIAOPING ERA ............................................................ 155
THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY UNDER DENG XIAOPING . 155
THE SELECTED WORKS OF DENG XIAOPING ............................................................................ 159
HISTORICAL SURVEY: 1977-1993 ............................................................................................ 170
CHAPTER SIX: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND THE FOREIGN
MINISTRY DURING THE JIANG ZEMIN ERA .................................................................. 185
THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE FOREIGN MINISTRY UNDER JIANG ZEMIN ...... 186
CATMA Analysis of On Diplomacy ..................................................................................... 189
THE SELECTED WORKS OF JIANG ZEMIN ................................................................................. 191
HISTORICAL SURVEY: 1994 – 2002 .......................................................................................... 200
CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 212
APPENDIX I ............................................................................................................................... 222
APPENDIX II: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR SELECTED WORKS OF MAO
ZEDONG, PRE-OCTOBER 1, 1949 ......................................................................................... 223
APPENDIX III: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR SELECTED WORKS OF MAO
ZEDONG, POST-OCTOBER 1, 1949 ...................................................................................... 227
APPENDIX IV: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR SELECTED WORKS OF ZHOU
ENLAI, VOLUME I PRE-OCTOBER 1, 1949 ........................................................................ 230
APPENDIX V: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR SELECTED WORKS OF ZHOU
ENLAI, VOLUME II POST-OCTOBER 1, 1949 .................................................................... 233
APPENDIX VI: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR MAO ZEDONG ON DIPLOMACY 236
APPENDIX VII: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR SELECTED WORKS OF DENG
XIAOPING, PRE- OCTOBER 1, 1949 ..................................................................................... 241
APPENDIX VIII: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR SELECTED WORKS OF DENG
XIAOPING, POST-OCTOBER 1, 1949 ................................................................................... 243
APPENDIX IX: CATMA QUERY RESULTS FOR SELECTED WORKS OF JIANG
ZEMIN, VOLUMES I & II ........................................................................................................ 246
APPENDIX X: INFORMED CONSENT AND WRITTEN INTERVIEW .......................... 250
APPENDIX XI: SPECIAL NOTE ON LIU SHAOQI ............................................................ 256
APPENDIX XII: SPECIAL NOTE ON CHEN YUN ............................................................. 265
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 273

iv
Figures and Tables

Figures
Figure 4.1: Constituent factors for the creation and evolution of ideas in the Chinese
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. ...................................................................................... 95
Figure 4.2: The relative position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs within the decision-
making structure ........................................................................................................ 99
Figure 4.3: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the Pre-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Mao Zedong (generated using
wordclouds.com.) .................................................................................................... 112
Figure 4.4: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the Post-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Mao Zedong (generated using
wordclouds.com.) .................................................................................................... 114
Figure 4.5: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the Pre-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Zhou Enlai (generated using
wordclouds.com.) .................................................................................................... 124
Figure 4.6: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the post-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Zhou Enlai (generated using
wordclouds.com.) .................................................................................................... 126
Figure 4.7: Google Books Ngram Viewer results for the word ‘globalism’,
http://books.google.com/ngrams ............................................................................. 129
Figure 5.1: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the Pre-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (generated using
wordclouds.com.) .................................................................................................... 161
v
Figure 5.2: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the Post-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (generated using
wordclouds.com.) .................................................................................................... 163
Figure 5.3: Google Books Ngram Viewer results for the word ‘hegemonism’,
http://books.google.com/ngrams ............................................................................. 165
Figure 5.4: Google Books Ngram Viewer results for the word ‘national security’, ....... 166
Figure 6.1: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
Mao Zedong On Diplomacy (generated using wordclouds.com.) .......................... 190
Figure 6.2: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the Selected Works of Jiang Zemin (generated using wordclouds.com.) ............... 193
Figure 6.3: Google Books Ngram Viewer results for the word ‘globalization’,
http://books.google.com/ngrams ............................................................................. 197
Figure 8.1: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the pre-October1, 1949 Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi (generated using
wordclouds.com) ..................................................................................................... 257
Figure 8.2: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the post-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi (generated using
wordclouds.com). .................................................................................................... 258
Figure 9.1: Word-cloud generated based on the kyword query results from CATMA for
the pre-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Chen Yun (generated using
wordclouds.com). .................................................................................................... 266
vi
Figure 9.2: Word-cloud generated based on the keyword query results from CATMA for
the post-October 1, 1949 Selected Works of Chen Yun (generated usgin
wordclouds.com). .................................................................................................... 267
Tables
Table 4.1: Department structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s
Republic of China ..................................................................................................... 97
Table 4.2: Summary of source data gleaned from CATMA for pre-October 1, 1949
selected works of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai ..................................................... 110
Table 4.3: Summary of source data gleaned from CATMA for post-October 1, 1949
selected works of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai ..................................................... 110
Table 5.1: Summary of source data gleaned from CATMA for pre-October 1, 1949
selected works of Deng Xiaoping ........................................................................... 160
Table 5.2: Summary of source data gleaned from CATMA for post-October 1, 1949
selected works of Deng Xiaoping ........................................................................... 160
Table 6.1: Summary of source data gleaned from CATMA for the selected works of Jiang
Zemin ...................................................................................................................... 192
Table 7.1: Top CATMA query results for Selected Works of Mao, Zhou, Deng, and Jiang
in proximate positioning ......................................................................................... 217

vii
Acknowledgements

Writing a large research paper is, more often than not, a lonely experience. Many hours
each day, for several years were spent huddled with texts of various kinds. Those times I
was not quietly pouring over written texts, I spend talking to myself, verbalizing my ideas
in an attempt to wrap my head around the vast amount of information in which I had
submerged myself. There was little intellectual strength left at the end of the day for
much else. Unkempt and intellectually strained of my own accord, I depended on many
people a great deal to keep me afloat.
Three and a half years ago I asked my wife, Kotomi, to return with me to Japan so
that I could pursue a PhD. This required me leaving a good job in Washington, D.C. and
a community of friends and family. She agreed without hesitation and we left for Japan in
short order. Immediately after arriving, we discovered we were expecting our first child,
my son Kyonosuke. My ability to accomplish the trying and demanding task of writing
my PhD dissertation was primarily possible through the love and support of my family.
Kyonosuke’s youthful innocence and hunger for loving engagement, maintained within
me a northern star of sorts, reminding me of my goal and purpose. Additionally, Kotomi
did so much for me, from giving me space and time, to helping me keep myself on a
production schedule. Her contribution to this accomplishment deserves my deepest
gratitude.
Balancing both family and academic life was never easy. I was fortunate,
however, and had little trouble. I am indebted, for things beyond just the completion of
this dissertation, to my parents, Gloria and Stephen, who consistently supported Kotomi
and I through this journey. They both made the long and difficult trip from Austin, Texas
viii
to Beppu to help with caring for Kyonosuke and making it possible for us to balance our
work and daily lives. My mother in particular, came several times, for months at a time.
The sacrifices they made, being separated from each other and giving up countless
opportunities to do other things in order to help me, is forever marked on my heart.
Apart from my home life, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University became my home
away from home. Both the faculty and staff were immensely supportive, and each made
every effort to accommodate not only my academic needs, but also provided support
beyond the defined parameters of the program. From among the staff at APU, I would
like to personally thank Belinda Hall of the Academic Office and Jun Tau of the
Research Office, both for their consistent and patient support with all of my questions
and for serving as my guides through the various administrative and logistical details
central to the completion of my PhD studies and dissertation writing.
From among the faculty I would like to specifically give thanks to Professor
Robert Salazar and Professor Yoichiro Sato. Both Professor Salazar and Professor Sato
patiently and respectfully served informally as my mentors, providing advice on issues
ranging from research methodology to publication opportunities. Both consistently made
time for my questions despite their busy schedules, and despite their having no
responsibility to do so. For that I am deeply appreciative.
Beyond the personal support, there was a host of material produced by other
scholars and institutions that made this dissertation possible, all of whom are cited with
each deserving of acknowledgment and thanks. The Wilson Center’s Digital Archive in
particular, however, was by far the most valuable source of primary material for the
historical research I used. The ability to access both Chinese and Soviet documents
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related to Chinese foreign relations, all online and with the vast majority having been
translated into English, really made this research possible. Similarly, the Computer
Assisted Textual Markup and Analysis (CATMA) tool contributed greatly to the
execution of this research. This online open-source analysis tool is currently housed at the
University of Hamburg in Germany. The hard work of the CATMA team in maintaining
and improving this online tool was central to this research’s ability to analyze, with a
heightened degree of accuracy, 15 volumes of selected works of Chinese leaders from
Mao Zedong to Jiang Zemin. CATMA is a remarkable tool, and I am indebted to the
CATMA team for their product.
Finally, I would like to close with the highest thanks to two individuals, Professor
Susumu Yamagami and Dr. Edgar Porter. For any PhD student, their academic advisor is
by far the most important relationship they will develop during their studies. For me, I
was lucky enough to have the care and advice of two individuals who were not only
knowledgeable about by research, but cared very deeply that I was successful in
completing my studies. Dr. Porter served as my primary advisor until his retirement in
2015. Despite his return to the United States, he continued to give my research a level of
attention that makes any expression of gratitude here, inadequate. Likewise, Professor
Yamagami, upon Dr. Porter’s retirement, quickly took me under his wing, reading every
word of every draft I provided and providing guidance and comments that were
respectful of the work I had already done, but worthy of the ultimate goal of rigor,
accuracy, and clarity.
Though the work presented in this dissertation was possible through the kindness
and contributions given to me over the past several years, ultimately the ideas and
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