International relations

600 Pages·2013·14.722 MB·English

by  Joshua S. Goldstein, Jon C. Pevehouse, Sandra Whitworth

International Relations
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International Relations
THIRD CANADIAN EDITION
JOSHUA S. GOLDSTEIN
American University, Washington, D.C.
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
JON C. PEVEHOUSE
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Canadian Edition by
SANDRA WHITWORTH
of York University, based on International Relations, Tenth Edition,
by Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse
Toronto
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 EB
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Goldstein, Joshua S., 1952–
International relations / Joshua S. Goldstein, Jon C. Pevehouse, Sandra Whitworth.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-321-71450-3
1. International relations—Textbooks. I. Pevehouse, Jon C II. Whitworth, Sandra, 1959– III. Title.
JZ1242.G64 2012 327 C2011-906575-4
ISBN 978-0-321-71450-3
Preface v
Brief Contents
Part One S tudying International Relations
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Realist Approaches 53
Chapter 3 Liberal Approaches 81
Chapter 4 Critical Approaches 107
Part Two International Security
Chapter 5 Foreign Policy 132
Chapter 6 International Conflict 161
Chapter 7 M ilitaries and the Use
of Force 198
Part Three International Organizations
and Law
Chapter 8 I nternational Organizations 242
Chapter 9 International Law 282
Part Four International Political Economy
Chapter 10 Trade 313
Chapter 11 Money and Business 351
Part Five North–South Issues and
the Environment
Chapter 12 The North–South Gap 389
Chapter 13 I nternational Development 429
Chapter 14 Environment and Health 475
Chapter 15 Postscript 514
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Contents
Preface x Strategy 74
Statecraft 74
To the Student xv
Reciprocity, Deterrence and Arms Races 75
A Note on Nomenclature xv
The Economic Variant of Realism 77
Chapter 3 Liberal Approaches 81
Part One S tudying International Alternatives to Realism 81
Relations Liberal Pluralism 82
Traditional Liberal Critiques 82
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Immanuel Kant 83
The Invisible Hand 84
The Study of IR and Daily Life 1
Woodrow Wilson 84
IR as a Field of Study 2
Neoliberal Institutionalism 84
Theories 4
Collective Goods 86
Actors and Influences 6
International Regimes 87
State Actors 7
Hegemonic Stability 88
Nonstate Actors 10
Collective Security 90
Levels of Analysis 12
The Democratic Peace 92
The Power of Information 14
Constructivism 93
Wiring the World 14
Peace Studies 96
Information as a Tool of Governments 18
Conflict Resolution 97
Information as a Tool against Governments 19
War and Militarism 98
Global Geography 20
Positive Peace 100
History 28 Peace Movements 101
World Civilizations to the Present Day 28 Nonviolence 102
The Great-Power System, 1500–the Present 30 Economic Liberalism 103
Imperialism, 1500–the Present 31
Nationalism, 1500–the Present 32 Chapter 4 Critical Approaches 107
The World Economy, 1750–the Present 34
Diversity and Power 107
The Two World Wars, 1900–1950 36
The Cold War, 1945–1990 38 Understanding IR 109
The Post–Cold War Era, 1990–2011 41 Marxist Thought 110
Gramscian IR 111
Feminism 113
Chapter 2 Realist Approaches 53
The Masculinity of Realism 115
Theoretical Approaches in International Gender in War and Peace 117
Women in IR 119
Relations 53
Post-positivist Feminism 123
Realism 54
Postmodernism 126
Power 57
Deconstructing Realism 126
Defining Power 57
Postcolonialism 128
Estimating Power 58
Elements of Power 58 Part Two International Security
Rationality 60
Game Theory 61 Chapter 5 Foreign Policy 132
The International System 63
Anarchy and Sovereignty 63 Making Foreign Policy 132
Balance of Power 66 Models of Decision-Making: The Rational Actor
Great Powers and Middle Powers 68 Model 135
Power Distribution 71 Individual Decision-Makers 136
Hegemony 72 Human Security 140
viii Contents
Models of Decision-Making: The Organizational Security Organizations 244
Process and Bureaucratic Politics Models 142 NATO 245
Organizational Process Model 142 NORAD 246
Bureaucratic Politics or Government Bargaining Model 143 Regional Organizations 247
Group Dynamics 145 The European Union 247
Crisis Management 147 The Vision of a United Europe 248
Substate Actors 148 The Treaty of Rome 249
Public Opinion 151 Structure of the European Union 250
Models of Decision-Making: Elite Analysis The Maastricht Treaty 252
and Instrumental Marxism 154 The Lisbon Treaty 252
The Military–Industrial Complex 154 Global Organizations 253
Making and Writing Foreign Policy 156 The United Nations 254
The Security Council 261
Chapter 6 International Conflict 161 Peacekeeping Forces 263
The Secretariat 270
The Wars of the World 161
The General Assembly 272
Types of War 161
UN Programs 273
The Causes of War 164
Autonomous Agencies 274
Theories about War 165
Nongovernmental Organizations 275
Conflicts of Interest 167
Territorial Disputes 168 Chapter 9 International Law 282
Control of Governments 175
Economic Conflict 177 The Evolution of World Order 282
Conflicts of Ideas 181 International Norms 284
Ethnic Conflict 181 International Law 285
Religious Conflict 187 Sources of International Law 286
Ideological Conflict 192 Treaties: The Case of Arms Control Agreements 288
Enforcement of International Law 291
Chapter 7 M ilitaries and the Use The World Court 292
of Force 198 International Cases in National Courts 294
Law and Sovereignty 296
The Use of Force 198
Laws of Diplomacy 296
Conventional Forces 199
Just War Doctrine 298
Types of Forces 201
War Crimes 299
Evolving Technologies 206
Human Rights 303
Terrorism 207
Individual Rights versus Sovereignty 304
Weapons of Mass Destruction 212 Human Rights Institutions 306
Nuclear Weapons 212
Ballistic Missiles and Other Delivery Systems 215 Part Four International Political
Chemical and Biological Weapons 219
Economy
Proliferation 221
Nuclear Strategy 224
Chapter 10 Trade 313
States and Militaries 227
Military Economics 227 From Security to Political Economy 313
The Choice of Capabilities 230 The Theoretical Approaches Revisited 314
Control of Military Forces 233 Globalization 316
Command 233 Markets 318
Global Patterns of Trade 318
Part Three I nternational Comparative Advantage 318
Organizations Prices and Markets 321
Politics of Markets 322
and Law
Balance of Trade 324
Interdependence 325
Chapter 8 I nternational Organizations 242
Trade Strategies 327
World Order 242 Autarky 327
Roles of International Organizations 243 Protectionism 328
Contents ix
Industries and Interest Groups 332 Chapter 13 I nternational Development 429
Cooperation in Trade 336
What Is Development? 429
Trade Regimes 338
Experiences 432
Bilateral and Regional Agreements 338
The Newly Industrializing Countries 432
The World Trade Organization 341
The Chinese Experience 434
Resistance to Trade 344
India Takes Off 438
Other Experiments 440
Chapter 11 Money and Business 351
Lessons 443
Globalization and Finance 351 Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth 443
The Currency System 352 Concentrating Capital for Manufacturing 444
About Money 353 Cartels 446
International Currency Exchange 354 Authoritarianism and Democracy 448
Why Currencies Rise or Fall 357 Corruption 449
Central Banks 359 North–South Capital Flows 451
Monetary Union in Europe 360 Foreign Investment 452
A North American Monetary Union? 362 Technology Transfer 453
The World Bank and the IMF 363 Debt 455
State Financial Positions 366 IMF Conditionality 457
National Accounts 366 The South in International Economic Regimes 459
International Debt 367 Foreign Assistance 461
The Position of the United States 369 Patterns of Foreign Assistance 461
The Position of Canada 370 Types of Foreign Assistance 463
The Position of Russia and Eastern Europe 371 The Politics of Foreign Assistance 467
The Position of Asia 373 The Impact of Foreign Assistance 470
Multinational Business 376 Confronting the North–South Gap 471
Multinational Corporations 376
Chapter 14 Environment and Health 475
Foreign Direct Investment 378
Host and Home Government Relations 379 Interdependence and the Environment 475
Sustainable Economic Development 478
Responding to Environmental Issues 478
Part Five North–South Issues
The Atmosphere 479
and the Environment Biodiversity 485
Forests and Oceans 487
Chapter 12 The North–South Gap 389 Pollution 491
Natural Resources 494
The State of the South 389
World Energy 495
Population 391
Minerals, Land, Water 499
The Demographic Transition 392
Health 502
Basic Human Needs 394
Reproductive Health 502
World Hunger 398
Disease 504
Rural and Urban Populations 399
Transplant Tourism and Trafficking 509
Women in Development 401
Migration and Refugees 402 Chapter 15 Postscript 514
Theories of Accumulation 406
Studying International Relations in Canada:
Economic Accumulation 406
Relevant Links 516
Capitalism 408
Socialism 409
Economic Classes 412
Glossary 520
Imperialism 413
Photo Credits 532
The Globalization of Class 413
The World-System 414 Author Index 533
European Colonialism 416
Subject Index 542
Anti-Imperialism 419
Postcolonial Dependency 420 Reference Maps 577