International Organizations and Internal Conditionality: Making Norms Matter

349 Pages·2013·1.083 MB·English

by  Rick Fawn (auth.)

International Organizations and Internal Conditionality
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International
Organizations and
Internal Conditionality
Making Norms Matter
Rick Fawn
Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of St Andrews, UK
© Rick Fawn 2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-30548-0
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
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and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2013 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-45484-6 ISBN 978-1-137-30549-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137305497
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To
my parents,
my wife
and
Ashley and Liam
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures viii
Acknowledgements ix
List of Abbreviations xii
1 International Organizations and Internal Conditionality 1
2 The Birth of Internal Conditionality: The Conception and 20
Evolution of the Council of Europe and the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe
3 International Election Observation Missions: The Deepest 56
Objections and Greatest Resilience of Internal
Conditionality?
4 The Council of Europe and the Abolition of the Death 92
Penalty: From External to Internal Conditionality and the
Success of Norms over Interests
5 Success in the Toughest of Cases: The Normative 132
Surprise over Chechnya from Internal Conditionality
6 Tajikistan and the OSCE: The Subtlest Victory of Internal 167
Conditionality
7 The Kazakhstan Chairmanship of the OSCE: Internal 195
Conditionality and the Risks of Political Appeasement
8 Making Norms Matter: The Theory and Practice of Internal 231
Conditionality
Notes 250
Bibliography 307
Index 325
vii
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
2.1 Accession to and membership of the Council of Europe 26
2.2 Original 35 Participating States in the CSCE 37
2.3 Post-communist enlargement of the CSCE/OSCE 43
2.4 Freedom House democracy scores in post-Soviet Eurasia 53
2.5 Bertelsmann index of political transformation 54
4.1 Sample of Council of Europe influence on 96
post-communist abolitionism
6.1 Reporters Without Borders on media freedom in 186
Tajikistan
6.2 Nations in Transition (Freedom House) assessments of 189
media freedom in Tajikistan
7.1 Nations in Transition assessments of certain freedoms in 221
Kazakhstan and its overall democracy score
Figures
1.1 Contexts of conditionality: loosest to tightest 11
conditionality
4.1 Categories of CoE influence on post-communist countries 98
for abolition
6.1 Alternative regional structures for Central Asia, 171
challenging normative pull of Euro-Atlantic institutions
viii
Acknowledgements
This book has incurred many debts. A considerable number of people
currently or previously working in or relating to the Council of Europe
and the OSCE generously gave of their time and insights over many
years. Particular thanks go to Sjur Bergan of the Council of Europe who
helped arrange invaluable meetings in Strasbourg and supplemented
my own cold-calling; Payam Foroughi did similarly, with a substantial
roster of OSCE officials in Tajikistan. Graeme Loten, then British
Ambassador to Tajikistan, was tremendously helpful.
A particular debt is owed also to the OSCE Academy and the Heads
of Centre Ambassador Markus Müller and Ambassador Andrew
Tesoriere, and Directors of the OSCE Academy, Dr. Tim Epkenhans and
Dr. Maxim Ryabkov, and their staff. My time at the OSCE Academy not
only provided added insights into perceptions held in and of the
region and of the OSCE, but it also afforded the opportunity – through
the commendably multifaceted entity that it is – to witness aspects of
the wider OSCE at work.
Alice Ne∨mcová and her staff at the OSCE Secretariat archives in
Prague provided essential and immediate assistance with the retrieval
of documents available only at and through the OSCE Secretariat (and
are used according to the “Recommendations for Quoting OSCE
Documents and Using Restricted Documents as Primary Sources for
Academic Research on OSCE Related Subjects”).
Should anyone think that this type of connection or such assistance
from those currently or previously working for the CoE or the OSCE
prompted unduly encouraging comments hereafter, that is not the
case. The book is premised on the idea that the organizations are inter-
national underdogs in the sense that they do not have the material
attractiveness of, say, the European Union or NATO. And the book
intends to show – with balance, and not in every case – that the CoE
and OSCE can function and succeed against the odds. But I have also
been capable for speaking provocatively and unduly critically of the
subjects presented here. I do so both as a measure of apology and to
stress again that what follows are independent conclusions.
The British Academy and the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of
Scotland provided invaluable travel funds. These included meetings
and interviews at the CoE and the OSCE and the ODIHR, to OSCE
ix