International Migration Outlook : Sopemi

403 Pages·2007·17.429 MB·English

by  OECD

International
International Migration Outlook S
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International migration has jumped up the policy agenda in OECD countries. This annual publication M Migration
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analyses recent developments in migration movements and policies in these countries. It underlines 0
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the growing importance of inflows of highly qualified workers, temporary workers and students. It 7
Outlook
highlights the increased immigration from India, China, Eastern Europe and Africa, and confirms the
tendency towards the feminisation of this movement. This edition also focuses on the employment
situation and the participation rate of immigrants, particularly in the services sector.
This publication also explores policies to improve the management of migration flows, especially those
aiming to increase the selection of immigrant workers to respond to labour market needs. It describes
measures taken to facilitate the integration of immigrants from their arrival up until they gain full
citizenship. International co-operation to improve border control and to combat irregular immigration
is analysed in detail. In addition, the report evaluates the impact of the enlargement of the European
Union on the flow of immigrant workers into OECD countries. It highlights the growing attention
given to the links between migration and development, notably in the context of regional economic
integration.
The reader will also find in this book:
• T wo special chapters on topical issues. The first addresses the challenge of matching immigrants’
education with employment, with the aim of adding value to human capital. The second analyses,
for the first time, the importance of the presence of immigrants in the health sector of OECD
countries. It also describes the migration policies put in place in OECD countries to recruit this
highly qualified labour force.
• C ountry notes, together with standardised tables, describing recent developments in migration
movements and policies.
• A statistical annex containing the latest data on foreign and foreign-born population, migration
flows and naturalisations.
FURTHER READING
Jobs for Immigrants (Vol. 1): Labour Market Integration in Australia, Denmark, Germany and Sweden In
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The full text of this book is available on line via these links: t
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SOPEMI 2007
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International Migration
Outlook
Annual Report
2007 Edition
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and
concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of
the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and
research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and
standards agreed by its members.
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official
views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
Also available in French under the title:
Perspectives des migrations internationales
RAPPORT ANNUEL 2007
© OECD 2007
The Chapter III has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union
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FOREWORD
Foreword
T
his publication constitutes the thirty first report of the OECD's Continuous Reporting System on
migration (known by its French acronym SOPEMI). Formerly published as Trends in International
Migration, the title was changed last year to the International Migration Outlook and, at the
same time, its analytical scope broadened. This year's edition is a consolidation of the changes
introduced last year, in particular with respect to standardised statistics on inflows and migration
notes on individual countries.
The report is divided into four parts plus a statistical annex. Part I contains three subsections.
The first of these provides a broad overview of trends in international migration movements,
including a historical overview of migration over the last half century and a look at potential
movements in response to future declines in the working age population. Net migration into OECD
countries has tripled since the early seventies, with movements often driven by historical events such
as the fall of the Iron Curtain. Asylum seeking is at a historical low since the early nineties, while the
accession of the new members of the European Union in 2004 has resulted in a substantial increase
in movements within Europe. Significant labour migration into southern Europe continues, most of it
from outside OECD countries. The integration of immigrants and their children continues to be an
issue of concern in many countries and the labour market section two provides for the first time an
overview of labour force outcomes for children of immigrants in ten OECD countries for which data
were available. The final section of Part I contains an overview of recent developments in migration
policies, which includes a review of changes in migration restrictions with regard to EU enlargement
countries, new measures to facilitate the migration of the highly skilled and the growing importance
of migration issues in international relatio.
Parts II and III are devoted to special topics. The first examines the issue of overqualification
among immigrant workers, namely the holding of jobs whose skill requirements are below their
formal qualifications, and the possible reasons for this phenomenon. The second special chapter
focuses on the international mobility of health professionals to OECD countries and presents the first
broad based empirical results on this phenomenon, with implications for policy.
Part IV presents succinct country specific notes and statistics on developments in international
migration movements and policies in OECD countries in recent years. Finally the statistical annex
includes a broad selection of recent and historical statistics on immigrant flows, the foreign and
foreign born populations, naturalisations and migrant workers.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2007 EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-03285-9 – © OECD 2007 3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Editorial: The Medical Brain Drain: Myths and Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A. Developments in Migration Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. A half-century of international migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2. Population ageing, the working-age population and international migration . 30
3. International migration in2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4. Regional aspects of international migration towards OECD countries . . . . . 38
5. Recent trends in migration from new European Union members. . . . . . . . 40
6. Indian and Chinese immigrants in OECD countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7. Africa and international migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8. Unauthorised immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9. Permanent settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.Temporary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
11.International students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
12.Arrivals of asylum seekers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
13.Changes in status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
14.The immigrant population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
15.Migration of the highly educated in perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
B. Immigrants and the Labour Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1. The situation of foreigners and immigrants in the labour market
in OECD countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2. The integration of the children of immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
C. Migration Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
1. Attract, receive and integrate: Domestic immigration policies . . . . . . . . . 96
2. Immigration at the heart of international relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
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Part II
MATCHING EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND ANDEMPLOYMENT:
A CHALLENGE FORIMMIGRANTS IN HOST COUNTRIES
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
1. Education: A labour market access factor which immigrants do not always
benefit from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
2. Occupational over-qualification: A variety of approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3. An evaluation of immigrants’ risk of occupational over-qualification . . . . . 136
4. Interpretation of over-qualification by levels of literacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Annex II.A1. Employment and Unemployment Rates of Native- and Foreign-born
Populations by Level of Education, 2003-2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Annex II.A2. Measuring Competencies by Educational Level andJobClassification. . . 155
Annex II.A3. Over-qualification Defined by Wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Part III
IMMIGRANT HEALTH WORKERS IN OECD COUNTRIES
IN THE BROADER CONTEXT OF HIGHLY SKILLED MIGRATION
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Main findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
1. Foreign-born and foreign-trained health professionals in OECD countries . . 164
2. Recent trends in migration movements of health professionals . . . . . . . . 179
3. International recruitment of health professionals and migration policies
in OECD countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Annex III.A1. Origin-destination of Immigrant Health Professionals inOECD Countries,
Circa2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Annex III.A2. Expatriation Rates for Doctors and Nurses, Circa2000 . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Annex III.A3. Migration Policies and Recognition of Foreign Qualifications for Health
Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part IV
RECENT CHANGES IN MIGRATION MOVEMENTSAND POLICIES
(COUNTRY NOTES)
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Romania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Slovak Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
How to Read the Tables of Part IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
How to Read the Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
STATISTICAL ANNEX
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Inflows and Outflows of Foreign Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Inflows of Asylum Seekers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-born Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Acquisition of Nationality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Inflows of Foreign Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Stocks of Foreign and Foreign-Born Labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
List of Sopemi Correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
List of OECD Secretariat Members Involved inthePreparation of this Report . . . . 399
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Charts, Tables and Boxes
Part I
RECENT TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Charts
I.1. Net migration rates, traditional immigration and emigration OECDcountries,
1956-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
I.2. Components of population change, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
I.3. Expected change in the working-age population assuming zero net migration
over the periods indicated, 2005-2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I.4. Permanent-type inflows, standardised statistics, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
I.5. International migration by category of entry, selected OECD countries, 2005,
standardised data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
I.6. Inflows of migrants by country of origin, selected OECD countries, 1990-2004
and2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
I.7. Migration from new EU member countries to selected OECD countries, 1998-2005 43
I.8. Indian and Chinese immigrants in selected OECD countries in2005. . . . . . . . 45
I.9. Share of immigrants born in Africa in the foreign-born population
inOECD countries, Circa2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
I.10. Changes in status from temporary categories to permanent-type worker
migration, selected OECD countries, 1996-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
I.11. Prevalence and evolution of the foreign-born population inOECDcountries,
1995-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
I.12. Percentage of immigrants and native-born persons aged 15and above
with a tertiary qualification, Circa2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
I.13. Immigrants with a tertiary qualification in OECD countries bycontinent
and duration of residence, Circa2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
I.14. Participation rate by birth status in some OECD countries, 2004-2005 . . . . . . . 64
I.15. Difference between the participation rates of native- and foreign-born
by origin in selected European OECD countries, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
I.16. Change in the number of foreign-born employed inselectedOECDcountries,
1995-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
I.17. Evolution of the gap in the employment rate between the native- and
foreign-born population over time assuming equal hiring and job loss
probabilities for both groups, selected European OECD countries, 2005 . . . . . . 70
I.18. Unemployment rate of foreign-born and native-born, 2004-2005. . . . . . . . . . 71
I.19. Share of long-term unemployment (1year or more) in total unemployment
by birth status, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
I.20. Share of foreign-born employed within selected occupations intheservice
sector, 2004-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
I.21a.Share of temporary employment in total employment by birth status, 2005 . . . 76
I.21b.Share of part-time employment in total employment bybirth status, 2005. . . . 76
I.22. Share of persons with a migration background in the population aged20-29. . . 79
I.23. PISA (2003) results in mathematics for the children of immigrants . . . . . . . . 80
I.24. Differences in employment rates between native-born without migration
background and the second generation by gender, latest available year . . . . . 82
I.25. Unemployment rate of immigrants and the second generation relative tothat
of native-born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OUTLOOK: SOPEMI 2007 EDITION – ISBN 978-92-64-03285-9 – © OECD 2007