International Marine Organizations: Essays on Structure and Activities PDF
Preview International Marine Organizations: Essays on Structure and Activities
INTERNAT IONAL MARINE ORGANIZATIONS INTERNATIONAL MARINE ORGANIZATIONS ESSAYS ON STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES by KAMIL A. BEKIASHEV and VITALI V. SEREBRIAKOV Translated from Russian by VITALI V. SEREBRIAKOV • . '~ .. . u . 1981 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE/BOSTON/LONDON Distributors. for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston, Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA for all other countrzes Kluwer AcademIc Publishers Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bekiashev, Kamil' Abdulovich. International marine organizations. Translation of: Mezhdunarodme morskle organizatsil/K. A. Beklashev Includes index I. Navigation-SocietIes, etc. 2. ShIpping-Societies, etc 3. Flshenes-Societies, etc. 4. Oceanography-Societies, etc. I. Serebnakov, Vitalii Vasll'evlch. II. Title. VK4. B4413 1981 387.5'06'01 81-4034 AACR2 ISBN-l3: 978-94-009-8263-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8261-1 DOl: 10 .1007/978-94-009-8261-1 Cover illustration: Emblems of various international marine organizations. The emblems are used in the official publications, leaflets, stationery, etc. The right of an international organization to have an emblem is exclusive in the sense that no other organization may use in any way that or a similar emblem. FIrst published as Mezhdunarodnie Morskie Organizatsii by GldrometeOlzdat, 1979. Copyright © 1981 by K.A. Bekiashev and V. V. Serebriakov. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recordmg, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Martmus Nijhoff Publishers bv, P.O. Box 566,2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands. Contents Foreword: World Ocean and International Organizations, by Leonid M. Brekhovskikh, Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences VII Preface XIX 1. International maritime organizations Baltic and International Maritime Conference 3 Danube Commission IS Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization 39 International Association of Independent Tanker Owners 97 International Association of Lighthouse Authorities 103 International Association of Ports and Harbours III International Chamber of Shipping 123 International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations 134 International Maritime Committee 140 International Maritime Pilots Association 149 International Maritime Satellite Organization 154 International Shipowners' Association 166 International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, Ltd 180 International Union of Marine Insurance 185 Latin America Shipowners' Association 200 Oil Companies International Marine Forum 207 Permanent International Association on Navigation Congresses 217 2. International fisheries organizations General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean 233 Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council 252 International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission 266 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas 278 International Commission for the Southeast Atlantic Fisheries 294 VI International Whaling Commission 307 Joint Commission on the Fisheries in the Black Sea 320 J oint Commission of the Socialist Countries on Cooperation in the Field of Fisheries 333 Joint Danube Fishery Commission 352 North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission 367 North Pacific Fur Seal Commission 385 Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization 397 3. International organizations concerned with marine sciences Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources 409 European Oceanic Association 414 Intergove,"nmental Oceanographic Commission 418 International Association for Biological Oceanography 442 International Association of the Physical Sciences of the Ocean 447 International Cartographic Association 453 International Commission for Scientific Exploration of the Mediterra- nean 459 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 465 International Hydrographic Organization 478 International Ocean Institute 486 International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 491 International Union of Geological Sciences 500 North Sea Hydrographic Commission 507 Pacific Science Association 510 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 519 Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research 526 World Data Centers (Oceanography) 534 World Meteorological Organization 540 World Underwater Federation 553 List of abbreviations 559 Index 567 Foreword: World Ocean and International Organizations Our planet is becoming.overcrowded. The explored land resources are gradu ally being exhausted. It is no wonder that-man fixes his eyes upon the World Ocean, the square of which more than twice exceeds the square of the land. Its natural resources are great, though far from vast. Man's activities in the World Ocean is developing in five main directions: (a) use of the World Ocean as a world transport system on the basis of the tonnage increase of merchant marine and especially tanker fleets; the deve lopment of ports and harbours as well as port services; the improvement of navigational, hydrographical and hydrometeorological (including satellites) services; (b) intensification of marine and oceanic fisheries on the basis of gear improvements; exploitation of new fishery regions; facilitation of techniques of treatment and storing offish production; transplantation and commercial aquaculture of marine living resources in the coastal zones and in some high sea areas; (c) increase of the volume of mineral resources being extracted from and under the sea bottom; even now mankind takes from under the sea bottom on the Continental shelf about one-fifth of all oil; the use of the resources of the high seas: manganese nodules, metallogenesis sediments, etc.; (d) increase of scientific research in the ocean on the basis of the develop ment offundamental marine sciences; availability of new marine technology including global oceanographic data collection and processing systems; satel lite oceanographic and meteorological systems; providing marine science organizations with modern research vessels, submersibles, and floating plat forms; the development of radiophysical methods of ocean exploration and atmospheric research; improvement ofland weather forecasts on the basis of more complete knowledge of the state and behaviour of the ocean environment; (e) conservation of the marine environment and protection of marine resources against pollution; designing and building special ships for this purpose; technical and chemical means; the establishment of specialized VIII international organizations and services; implementation of international monitoring pollution programmes; assessment of pollution influence on industrial exploitation of the ocean. The military operations of some states in the ocean considerably influence all of the above-mentioned activities. In peaceful times the navy's hydro graphic services traditionally contribute much to ocean exploration, mapping and providing for the improvement of navigational conditions. The problems of practical international and legal regulation of all kinds of economic, military and scientific activities of states and industrial groupings are included in the sphere of foreign policy in almost all countries of the world. A long list of questions in the agenda of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, in which over 150 states participated, and the acuity of the problems discussed, prove it. The volume of maritime shipping turnover is rapidly increasing. In 1950 it was 525 million tons, and in 1980 about 3.8 billion tons. Specialists forecast that the permanent increase of marine shipping will give a total turnover of about 10 billion tons by the year 2003. In order to provide for the growing volume of maritime international shipping, the number of seagoing ships will have to increase considerably. By the year 2003 the total tonnage of the world merchant marine fleet will be 516.4 million tons. The active participants in the field of merchant marine shipping are not only states but also intergovernmental and non-governmental international organizations. Three such organizations functioned before 1900; five were established before World War II; in the 1960s five more, and in the 1970s eight more, were set up. At present over 60 international organizations are directly or to some extent connected with maritime shipping. The tendency for cooperation between shipowners of various nations and their association within the framework of international organizations that have as their purpose the coordination and conducting of proper shipping policy in their interests has been evident. The international organizations summoned to contribute to international cooperation constitute at the same time an arena of acute struggle. The largest international marine shipping organizations, being organs of international cooperation, at the same time reveal in their activities contradictions between two systems in political, economic and ideological fields. The shipowners of the biggest capitalist countries have united to form international associations, which in their peculiarities resemble multinational corporations, for instance among them are the International Chamber of Shipping (lCS), International Association of Independent Tanker Owners IX (INTERTANCO), Committee of European National Shipowners' Associations (CENSA) and others. Their main aims are the protection of interests and strengthening of the positions of the shipowners that they represent in international maritime shipping. International organizations engaged in maritime shipping vary in compe tence and power. Among them, a special place belongs to intergovernmental organizations that are established on the basis of multilateral international treaties. At present they are few-only three: the Inter-Governmental Mari time Consultative Organization (1M CO), Danube Commission (DC) and Intemational Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSA T). International non-governmental maritime organizations began to be es tablished at the end of the 19th century, i.e. long before the creation of intergovernmental maritime organizations. Over 30 non-governmental maritime organizations are functioning at the present time. They are composed of national associations as well as juridical personneL Non-governmental shipping organizations actively influence the process of international lawmaking and world shipping policy. As was noted in the Communique of the World Congress of Peacel oving Forces (25-31 October 1973), 'Non-governmental organizations may promote the activities of the intergovernmental organizations in solving the most important international political problems, such as international conflicts, the creation of security systems, disarmament, the struggle against colonialism and racism, economic and social development, and conservation of the environment. They may promote the implementation of the decisions of the intergovernmental organizations.' * Scientists and specialists on the whole positively value the activities of most international shipping organizations. For instance, the intergovernmental maritime organizations have contributed a lot to the establishment of international-legal norms of safety navigation in the World Ocean, the regu lation of shipping in international trade, and the prevention of pollution of the marine environment. There are also positive aspects in the activities of non-governmental mari time international organizations, which are engaged in the introduction and development of documentation regulating maritime shipping. The development of international maritime shipping and activities in the World Ocean in general tend to promote an increase in the role of internation al maritime organizations. Probably in the future many problems of interna - *New TImes, 1973, N 45, p. 32. x tional maritime shipping will be solved by these organizations or with their direct participation. The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea showed that in future the role of international marine organizations will be more significant. They should participate in all arrangements concerning marine pollution preven tion; develop and adopt standards; collect information on shipwrecks, and participate in their clearance; coordinate scietific research and implement the exchange of information and data on marine environment pollution; render technical assistance, etc. Even in our time some international organizations (Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, World Meteorological Organization, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and others) implement mea sures on marine pollution monitoring. It may be supposed that such activities of international organizations will in future be considerably expanded. The basis of the New International Economic Order also promotes changes in the structure and activities of international maritime organizations. The programme of actions approved by the Sixth Special Session of the UN General Assembly on May 1, 1974 proposed the long-term policy for interna tional cooperation in the field of trade. A special section of the Declaration and the Programme of Actions on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order is devoted to mari time transport operations. In accordance with chapter 4 of this document it is necessary to undertake efforts for promoting a more extensive and fairer participation of developing countries in the world volume of cargo shipping; to freeze the permanent raising of freight rates and to lower them in order to decrease expenses for import into the developing countries and export from them; to provide for the speedy implementation of the Code of Conduct of the Liner Conferences. Socialist countries support the struggle of the developing countries for the elimination of various kinds of inequality, discrimination, exploitation in international economic relations; the establishment of a new international economic order; and the will of the developing countries to free themselves from imperialistic exploitation, so that the developing countries can them selves master their national resources. In the joint declaration of the socialist countries at UNCTAD-IV in 1976, it was stated that they 'completely recog nized the importance of the radical and composite reconstruction of the structure of the raw materials basis, formed in the colonial epoch, and the basis of the structure of the world capitalist market to improve the position of the deVeloping countries in the world markets and to secure the sovereignty of these countries under their own resources and its exploitation'. * *Doc. UNCTAD. TD/211, 28 May 1976. XI For the provision of populations with protein, the marine living resources, and especially fish, are of paramount importance. Fish is a source of high quality protein, accounting for about 20 per cent of the total world animal protein supply. During the period 1948-1970 the world fish catch increased by over 250 per cent. In recent years the rate of growth has decreased and the annual catch of fish and shellfish has stabilized at a level of about 70 million metric tons. * Nearly 70 per cent of the world catch is consumed directly as human food. The total market value of the world annual catch exceeds $75 billion. t Many countries in realization of their food policy pay much attention to the World Ocean and intend to increase the total catch. By 1985 the need for seafood in various countries will considerably increase and will be approximately lOO-120 million tons. # In principle it is possible to obtain such an amount of food products from the Ocean but it is necessary to extend fishing areas, and to create new fishing gear and new ways of treating fishery products. The increase of an annual catch in the traditional areas may lead to the overcatch of many species and the depletion of the stocks of practically all regions of fisheries. Under these conditions the cooperation of the states aimed at national fishing and the increase of the World Ocean's biomass will be more important. It may be implemented directly between the states or through international organizations. The development of marine fishery relations tend to show that states decide political and legal problems of fishery regulations more successfully and quickly within intergovernmental fisheries organizations. The first international fisheries organizations were established at the begin ning of the 20th century. Two organizations were functioning before World War II. In the 1960s seven organizations were established, and in the 1970s twelve more. At the present time about 60 international organizations are functioning, the activities of which are directly or significantly connected with the coordi nation of international cooperation on matters of fishing, including marine mammals as well as fishery explorations. These organizations were estab lished on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. *Manne questions. Uses of the Sea. Study prepared by the Secretary-General, UN Economic and SOCial CouncIl. E/S6S0 April 1975, p. 4. t Doc. FAO C 79/21 August, 1979, p. 2. • At the International Conference on Agnculture III 2000 held III Rome at the end of 1979, the lower amounts were agreed: in 1990 the total fish catch will be 84.7 million tons and III 2000 92.S million tons. It IS supposed that the developlllg countries will catch accordingly 4S.6 and SI.7 million tons and developed countnes 39.1 and 46.6.
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