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INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS This page intentionally left blank INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Bas¸ ak Çalı 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2010 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International law for international relations / Bas¸ak Çali. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-19-955842-1 1. International law. 2. International relations. I. Çali, Bas¸ak, 1974– KZ3410.I5794 2010 341–dc22 2009042108 Typeset by MPS Limited, A Macmillan Company Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by CPI Antony Rowe ISBN 978–0–19–955842–1 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Contents—Summary Preface xvi Guided tour of Learning Features xviii Guided tour of the Online Resource Centre xx Contributors xxii Abbreviations xxv List of boxes xxviii List of tables xxxi List of case studies xxxii PART I STUDYING INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 I nternational law and international relations: foundations for interdisciplinary study 3 Bas¸ak Çalı 2 Perspectives on international law in international relations 25 Fiona B. Adamson and Chandra Lekha Sriram 3 Basic principles of international law: a historical perspective 46 Antony Anghie 4 Perspectives on international relations in international law 71 Bas¸ak Çalı PART II IDENTIFYING INTERNATIONAL LAW 5 International treaties 99 Emmanuel Voyiakis 6 Customary international law 122 Jason Beckett 7 Non- governmental organizations and international law 141 Meghna Abraham 8 International courts and tribunals 165 Juan M. Amaya-Castro vi Contents PART III TOPICS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 9 S tates and international law: the problems of s elf-d etermination, secession, and recognition 191 Christopher J. Borgen 10 Use of force in international law 213 Nigel Rodley and Bas¸ak Çalı 11 International humanitarian law 234 Elizabeth Griffi n and Bas¸ak Çalı 12 International criminal law 258 Paola Gaeta 13 International human rights law 281 Bas¸ak Çalı 14 International law for environmental protection 306 David M. Ong 15 World trade and international law 330 Thomas Sebastian 16 Global social justice and international law 351 Saladin Meckled-Garcia CONCLUSION 17 I nternational law in international relations: what are the prospects for the future? 379 Bas¸ak Çalı Table of cases 395 Table of major multilateral international treaties and documents 397 Glossary 399 References 409 Index 421 Detailed contents Preface xvi Guided tour of Learning Features xviii Guided tour of the Online Resource Centre xx Contributors xxii Abbreviations xxv List of boxes xxviii List of tables xxxi List of case studies xxxii PART I STUDYING INTERNATIONAL LAW 1 I nternational law and international relations: foundations for interdisciplinary study 3 Introduction 4 What is international law? 5 The relationship between international law and international relations 7 Are international relations and international law two separate disciplines? 7 How does the knowledge produced in international relations and international law overlap, confl ict, and co-depend? 12 At what point and in what way does international law enter into international relations research? 16 Why study international law? 20 Conclusion 23 2 Perspectives on international law in international relations 25 Introduction 26 Realism 27 Theory 27 Actors 28 Processes 29 Liberalism 30 Theory 30 Actors 32 Processes 33 viii Detailed contents Institutionalism 34 Theory 34 Actors 34 Processes 36 Constructivism 37 Theory 37 Actors 38 Processes 39 Marxism, Feminism, and Critical Theory 41 Theory 41 Actors 42 Processes 42 Conclusion 43 3 Basic principles of international law: a historical perspective 46 Introduction 47 The subject matter of a history of international law 47 The birth of modern international law: the sixteenth century 50 The beginnings of Empire 50 The Peace of Westphalia and Westphalian sovereignty: 1648 52 The Congress of Vienna: international law from 1815–1914 54 The League of Nations: international law from 1919–1939 57 The United Nations: 1945 to the present 60 The end of the Cold War: international law from 1989 64 Conclusion 68 4 Perspectives on international relations in international law 71 Introduction 71 What is international law? 73 Positivism about international law 74 Natural law descriptions of international law 77 International law as a process 79 Critical legal studies and international law 80 The purpose of international law 82 The relevance of theories of international law in international relations 86 The empirical relevance of international law 87 Detailed contents ix The relevance of international law in the contemporary world 88 Conclusion 89 PART II IDENTIFYING INTERNATIONAL LAW 5 International treaties 99 Introduction 100 Why do states make treaties? 101 The relationship between treaties, customary international law, and the concept of ius cogens 103 Is there a hierarchy of sources in international law? 103 The concept of ius cogens in the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties 104 The making of treaties 105 Negotiation 106 Representation and ‘full powers’ 107 Adoption, authentication, and expression of consent to be bound 107 Entry into force 108 Universality or integrity? Reservations to treaties 108 What are reservations? 110 Application, interpretation, and the position of third states 112 Third states 113 Temporal and territorial application of treaties 113 The interpretation of treaties 114 Amending a treaty 114 Ending international treaties 115 Invalidity 116 Termination and suspension 117 Settling disputes 118 Conclusion 119 6 Customary international law 122 Introduction 122 What rules govern the formation of CIL? The c onduct- centred model 124 The CIL approach to state behaviour: states as agents with legal motivations 125 What are the material sources of CIL? 129