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United Nations Latin-American Institute for Crime Prevention and Treatment of Offenders Women, Justice and Gender Program Training Module International Humanitarian Law International Criminal Law International Criminal Court United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Coalition for an International Criminal Court Project Director: Alda Facio Montejo Academic Coordinator: Rodrigo Jiménez Sandoval Consultants: Women, Justice and Gender Program, United Nations Latin American Institute for Crime Prevention and Treatment of Offenders (ILANUD) Design and layout: Cynthia Chamberlain Bolaños Printing: ILANUD Translation from Spanish: Maura Dundon The opinions expressed in these texts are the exclusive responsibility of their authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions and opinions of ILANUD. Any income that the Women, Justice and Gender Program receives from sales of this book will be used to strengthen the Program’s activities. ii IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN INTRODUCTION iii IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN iv IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN List of Abbreviations CICC: Coalition for an International Criminal Court ICC: International Criminal Court IHRL: International Human Rights Law IHL: International Humanitarian Law ICL: International Criminal Law ILANUD: United Nations Latin American Institute for Crime Prevention and Treatment of Offenders OAS: Organization of American States NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations UN: United Nations UNIFEM: United Nations Development Fund for Women v IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN vi IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN INTRODUCTION This is a module from the Modular Manual: Towards True Equality (Manual en Módulos: Hacia la Igualdad Real) produced by ILANUD and UNIFEM. Like the other modules, is not directed to the public in general but rather to individuals organizing training workshops on the topics at hand. In summary, this manual is for people facilitating workshops on International Humanitarian Law, International Criminal Law and the International Criminal Court. Due to the great interest today in the topics addressed in this module, it has been designed to stand alone if needed. We have included a brief explanation of the structure and background of this module for facilitators who wish to use it independently. Background The idea to create a modular training manual, particularly for Justice Administration staff, addressing the human rights of women from the perspective of gender arose from work underway since 1994 in UNIFEM’s Andean Office and the Women, Justice and Gender Program. The first volume of the “Modular Manual: Towards True Equality” originated from this work and was published in October 1997, after each module was validated in various Andean countries, in Central America and in Chile. Since then, the Women, Justice and Gender Program of ILANUD has continued creating modules for the manual, which have been validated in various Central American countries and will be published shortly. In the meantime, UNIFEM’s Andean Office contacted the director of the Women, Justice and Gender Program to request that the Program create a module on international humanitarian law. Since the Statute of the International Criminal Court had just been approved in Rome in 1998, and since international criminal law was a new discipline with roots in international humanitarian law, it was essential to refer to the International Criminal Court in the new module. Thus originated the idea of a manual-module on “International Humanitarian Law, International Criminal Law and the International Criminal Court.” The first draft of this manual, created by ILANUD consultants Lorena Flores, Ana Lucía Herrera and Gloria Maira, under the direction of Alda Facio and using the methodology developed by the Women, Justice and Gender Program, was validated in various workshops in Colombia. Both workshops (one in Bogotá and the other in Barranda) were financed by UNIFEM’s Andean Office. Workshops were also held in San Salvador and Guatemala City, financed by ILANUD. These workshops resulted in the elaboration of the second draft. vii IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN A meeting to revise the second draft was called in October 1999. Participants included Luz Marina Tamayo, a Colombian expert in IHL; Ana Elena Obando and Lorena Fries, both active in the Caucus de Mujeres por una Justicia de Género (Women's Caucus for Gender Justice) ; Gilma Andrade and Roxana Arroyo, additional Program consultants; Program Director Alda Facio; and Program Sub- Director Rodrigo Jiménez. A third draft, which was, translated into English, incorporated suggestions made in the meeting and Dr. Tamayo’s contributions. This draft was validated in a December 1999 meeting in New York held by ILANUD and the Caucus de Mujeres por una Justicia de Género. Caucus members from various countries were present, including: Eleanor Conda from the Philippines, Alda Facio from Costa Rica, Pam Spees from the United States, Marina Meshki from Georgia, Ramini Muttettugawa from Sri Lanka, Tulika Srivastava from India, Rashida Manjoo from South Africa, Doris Mpoumou from Congo-Brassaville, Some de Epie-Eyoh from Cameroon, Gabriela Mischkowski from Germany and Ana Elena Obando from Costa Rica. A fourth draft incorporating suggestions from the New York meeting was drawn up. This draft, revised and enlarged by Alda Facio, Rodrigo Jiménez, Eduardo González and Violeta Bermúdez, with the assistance of Cynthia Chamberlain, became the present manual. Structure The module is divided into an introduction, presenting background and structure; a second section containing the steps to follow in the workshop; a third section containing annexes with the information facilitators need to carry out the steps; a fourth section containing supplementary readings which should be read in their entirety by the facilitators and can be photocopied and distributed to participants; and a fifth part containing slides or information the facilitator can use on a blackboard if he or she does not have access to a slide projector. The module contains five topic or chapters, divided into sub topics. A shadowed box at the beginning of each topic contains the thematic objective of the chapter; the material resources required to develop the topic, differentiating between those already included in the manual and those which should be obtained by the facilitators; a list of supplementary readings included in the module; a list of recommended reading not included in the module; and the estimated completion time for the topic. In order to facilitate preparation, each section has its own numeration with its own heading and color. viii IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN Objective The Module’s objective is to bring participants into contact with the topics and enable them to defend the rights of all people, especially of women, in times of peace as well as in times of armed conflict. It is hoped that this contact will inspire participants to further deepen their knowledge of the topics and other topics not included in the workshop. Another goal is for participants to take an interest in participating in the Coalition for an International Criminal Court1, in order to achieve the prompt establishment of a court able to judge and sanction those who commit crimes against peace and human rights when national courts cannot or will not prosecute them. Contents In addition to the four main topics and their respective sub topics on IHL, ICL, the ICC, and the ICC’s ratification process, crime victims and the rights of internally displaced persons have also been included as topics, since they are closely tied to IHL and ICL (if and only if they do not contradict article 17 of Protocol II of the Geneva Convention.) Special emphasis is placed on the situation of women in this module, since women and children suffer the most from violations of the human rights protected by branches of the laws studied here. The module, then, is comprised of five topics. The first centers on the notion of international humanitarian law and its closeness and distance to human rights. The second topic addresses the basic principles of international criminal law, as well as the core international crimes and their evolution, in particular in relation to gender. The third topic focuses on victims of international crimes and internal displacement. The fourth topic centers on the International Criminal Court, particularly its origins, jurisdiction and proceedings, and the fifth topic addresses the ICC ratification process, the relationship between the ICC and national legislation, and its importance in the American context. Facilitator profile The workshop needs at least one facilitator with legal training and knowledge of IHL. It would also be helpful for one facilitator to be familiar with the creation of the ICC and have followed its progress. At least two facilitators should be present, along with support staff for event logistics. Topic Four requires that the facilities have up-to-date information on the status of the ICC in the country 1 The principal objects of the CICC is to advocate for the creation of an efficient, just and independent ICC. The Coalition convokes a wide network of NGOs and experts in international law, united to create strategies on legal and political matters related to the proposed Statute. One important objective is promoting the understanding and support of a wide sector of civil society organizations: human rights and peace defenders, international law scholars, procedural law scholars, humanitarian organizations, religious organizations, women’s organizations, etc. ix IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN where the workshop is taking place. Workshop organizers can also refer to the CICC web page http://www.igc.org/icc/ and the ICC web page http://www.un.org/law/icc/ for the latest information. Estimated time: At least two days to cover the entire module. It is also possible to cover just one or two of the topics in a shorter workshop. Number of participants suggested: Between 20 and 25 people already been trained in gender and legal theory. x IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL HHUUMMAANNIITTAARRIIAANN LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL LLAAWW,, IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALL CCRRIIMMIINNAALL CCOOUURRTT IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN