International Human Rights Law. Theory and Practice PDF
Preview International Human Rights Law. Theory and Practice
Riccardo Pisillo Mazzeschi International Human Rights Law Theory and Practice International Human Rights Law Riccardo Pisillo Mazzeschi International Human Rights Law Theory and Practice RiccardoPisilloMazzeschi DepartmentofPoliticalandInternationalSciences UniversityofSiena Siena,Italy ISBN978-3-030-77031-0 ISBN978-3-030-77032-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77032-7 RevisedandupdatedtranslationoftheItalianlanguageedition:Dirittointernazionaledeidirittiumani- Teoria e prassi. Ristampa emendata by Riccardo Pisillo Mazzeschi,# G. Giappichelli Editore 2020. PublishedbyG.GiappichelliEditore.AllRightsReserved. #SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAGandG.GiappichelliEditore2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsofreprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland TomylittlegrandsonsMarcoandAlessandro, with the wish that they will grow up in a society more open to the universal values of equality and fraternity Preface This book has a didactic purpose, for the students of the specialized courses of international protection of human rights; but also of consultation for scholars and practitionersinthefieldofinternationallawandhumanrights.Ihavetriedtoprovide asufficientlycompleteandsystematicoverviewofthesubject,asIthinkisnecessary foratextbook,eventhoughthefieldofinternationalhumanrightslawhasnowtaken on such a large dimension that it is difficult to deal with it in a small volume. The bookseekstogiveanaccountofthemostrelevantpracticeandcase-law,butalsoto dealwiththeoreticalissues.Henceitstitle,whichdeliberatelyrecallstheworkofan authoritativescholarofinternationallaw.1 One mightwonderwhat the reasons that ledme towrite anew bookon human rights are, given the large number of manuals already published in recent decades, especially in English and French. There are, in summary, three reasons. The first consistsinmydesiretogiveadifferentapproachandstructuretothisvolume,trying to reconcile its didactic and scientific purposes. In fact, many of the existing textbooks, and, in particular, those of Anglo-American doctrine, privileging the didactic and expositive purpose of the subject, focus on the description of the institutional part of the international protection of human rights (conventional systems, organs, and procedures) or deal only with some human rights. In my opinion, this structural choice is not convincing. In fact, even if one wanted to place oneself in a predominantly didactic perspective, it must be considered that students do notneed to receive much information and detailed descriptions, which theycaneasilyfindontheInternetandwhichtheysoontendtoforget,butratherto reflect on concepts, theories, and systematic framings. Only these reflections are formative for young jurists and help to understand how the law works, including internationalhumanrightslaw.Inotherwords,forme,thereisnoconflict,butrather a necessary synergy, between the educational and scientific purpose of a textbook. Of course, this does not mean that myintention to combine theory, practice, and a certaincompletenessofthesubjectinthebookhasreallysucceeded. The second, even more important, reason derives from my conviction that international human rights law should not be studied (as occurs in almost all manuals) as a specific legal regime, separate and autonomous from the overall 1O.Schachter,InternationalLawinTheoryandPractice(1991). vii viii Preface systemofinternationallaw;butasaregimethatisfullyintegratedintotheinterna- tionallegalorder,whichfollowstheinspiringprinciplesofthelatter,andwhichhas, in turn, had a strong impact on the structure and content of contemporary interna- tional law. This book has as its dominant theme the mutual relationship between international human rights law and general international law. Following this approach, I have chosen to devote little space to the institutional aspects (Part IV) and to deepen instead the themes of the impact of human rights on the entire international order (Part I), on the sources (Part II), on obligations (Part III), as well as the part of the book that deals with the content of “fundamental” human rights(PartV),withoutneglectingotherrights(PartVI).Iamawarethatthischoice mayhavehadsomenegativeeffectsonthehomogeneityofthebook,sinceithasled toadeeperstudyofsomesubjectsandamoreconcisetreatmentofothers. Finally,thethirdmotivationforthisbookislinkedtomygeneralconceptionof international law, from the point of view of the theory of law. The volume is the resultofreflectionsIhavebeendoingforacoupleofdecadesonhumanrights;but whicharelinkedtostudiesonmoregeneralthemesofinternationallaw,whichhave ledmetofollowafilrougethathasdevelopedovertimeandwhichhascometobe linkedtoacertainconceptiononthedeontologicalfoundationoflaw.Thisscientific path, influenced by my growing attention to human rights, has led me to a critical attitude towards the theory of formal positivism (while recognizing the rigor of its method) and to cultivate an interest in “anti-formalist” theories (e.g., the modern normativetheoryoflaw),whichrecoveranopennesstotheethical-politicalvalues of law. From this general approach also derived the idea that it is intellectually stimulatingtostudynotonlythelawofrulesand“whatthelawis,”butalsothelaw ofprinciplesandvaluesandthedirectiontowardswhichthelawismoving;2andthis especiallyinanarea,suchasinternationallaw,whichhasrecentlyundergonestrong processes of change. In fact, in my scientific path, I have proposed attempts to systematically relocate some classical institutions (breach of treaties, fault and due diligence, exhaustion of domestic remedies) and attempts to revisit, in a key that I believe is more modern, other general issues (theory of international obligations, Stateresponsibilityforviolationofhumanrights,internationalsubjectivity,newrole of the individual, general principles of international law, international immunities, accesstojustice).Readerswillnotethatmanyofthesetopicshaveinevitablyended up,albeitincidentally,inthisbookaswell.3 IwouldliketothankAlessandraViviani,FedericoLenzerini,EugenioCarli,and FedericoTravanforreadingthebookorpartsofitandfortheirusefulcomments.Of course,Iamsolelyresponsibleforanyerrorsandomissions. 2Cf.A.Cassese,Self-DeterminationofPeoples.ALegalReappraisal(1995),p.3. 3Ihopereaderswillforgivemeif,inanattempttoprovidefurtherreferencesonthesetopics,Ihave oftencitedmyearlierwritings. Preface ix Advisory Notice A. Searchingforactsanddocuments Almostallinternationalnormativematerials(judgments,decisions,treaties,and otheracts)areofficiallypublishedontheironlinesites.Therefore,tofindthem, pleaserefertothetableofwebsites. B. Useoflanguages Forofficialin-textcitationofpassagesfromjudgments,treaties,orothernorma- tiveacts,IhaveusuallyadoptedtheEnglishversion.Whenitwasnotpossible,I usuallygavemyownEnglishtranslation. C. Citationsinthefootnotes Inthefootnotes,thedoctrineisquotedinabbreviatedform(author’ssurnameand yearofpublication),referringtothebibliographyforamorecompleteindication. Cases are also cited in summary form, with reference to their table for more information.Todistinguishcaseswiththesamename,thedateoftheirdecision iscited. Siena,Italy RiccardoPisilloMazzeschi January2021 Contents PartI HumanRightsintheInternationalLegalSystem 1 TheFoundationandHistoricalDevelopmentofInternational HumanRights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 ConceptandFoundationofHumanRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 HistoricalPrecedents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 HistoricalDevelopmentofHumanRightsinNational LegalSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 TheRoleoftheIndividualinClassicalInternational Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.3 ObligationtoProtectAliensandTheirProperty. . . . . . 5 1.2.4 HumanitarianIntervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.5 TreatiesAgainstSlaveryandontheProtectionof ReligiousGroups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.6 TheBirthofInternationalHumanitarianLaw. . . . . . . . 7 1.2.7 TheLeagueofNationsandtheSystemofMandates. . 8 1.2.8 ProtectionofWorkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2.9 TheSystemfortheProtectionofMinorities. . . . . . . . . 9 1.2.10 TheLimitsoftheAboveHistoricalPrecedents. . . . . . 10 1.3 TheTurningPointAftertheSecondWorldWar:Human RightsTheoryImposesItselfInternationally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 GeneralAimsofHumanRights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.1 DignityoftheHumanPersonandUniversalValues. . . 12 1.4.2 TheProblemoftheUniversalismofHumanRights inaMulticulturalWorld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 TheImpactofHumanRightsonInternationalLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1 HumanRightsandtheModernizationProcessofInternational Law. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 17 2.2 InternationalHumanRightsLawasaSelf-Contained Regime? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 InfluenceofHumanRightsTheoryontheTraditionalStructure oftheInternationalLegalOrder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 xxii xii Contents 2.3.1 ExtensionoftheContentandScopeofInternational Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.2 EnlargementofInternationalLawActors:TheNew RoleoftheIndividual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3.3 ChangeintheTypicalNatureofInternationalLaw. . . 22 2.3.3.1 ErgaOmnesObligationsandCollective Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.3.2 JusCogensandFundamentalValues. . . . . 24 2.3.4 ModernizationoftheRegimeofInternational ResponsibilityofStates. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.4.1 InvocationofResponsibilityforBreach ofErgaOmnesObligations . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.4.2 AggravatedResponsibilityforBreachof ObligationsArisingUnderJusCogens Norms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.4.3 StateResponsibilityTowardsIndividuals andIndividualRighttoReparation. . . . . . 28 2.3.5 TheRelationshipBetweenInternationalLawand DomesticLaw:TowardsEverGreaterHarmonization andIntegrationBetweentheTwoLegalOrders . . . . . . 30 2.3.6 InfluenceofInternationalHumanRightsLaw onInternationalSourcesandObligations (Cross-Reference). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4 ImpactofHumanRightsonSpecificAreasofInternational Law. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 32 2.4.1 InternationalHumanitarianLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4.2 InternationalCriminalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.4.3 UseofForce,HumanitarianInterventionand “ResponsibilitytoProtect” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4.4 OtherAreasInfluencedbyHumanRightsTheory. . . . 41 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 PartII InternationalSources 3 GeneralInternationalLaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1 CustomaryLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1.1 AModernConceptofCustomintheFieldofHuman Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1.2 TheRoleofHumanRightsTreatiesintheFormation ofCustom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3.2 GeneralPrinciplesofLawRecognizedbyCivilizedNations inforodomestico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.3 GeneralPrinciplesofInternationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.4 Juscogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
The list of books you might like
