International Handbook of Human Response to Trauma

477 Pages·2000·11.64 MB·English

by  Arieh Y. Shalev

International Handbook of
Human Response to Trauma
The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping
Series Editor.
Donald Meichenbaum, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Editorial Beard:. Bruce P. Dohrenwend, Columbia University • Marian Frankenhauser,
University of Stockholm • Norman Garmezy, University of Minnesota • Mardi J. Horowitz,
University of California Medical Schoo~ San Francisco • Richard S. Lazarus, University of
California, Berluley • Michael Rutter, University of London • Dennis C. Turk, University of
Washington • John P. Wilson, Cleveland State University • Camille Wortman, University of
Michigan
Current Volumes in the Series:
BEYOND TRAUMA
Cultural and Societal Dynamics
Edited by Rolf J. Kleber, Charles R. Figley, and Berthold P. R. Gersons
COMMUTING STRESS
Causes, Effects, and Methods of Coping
Meni Koslowsky, Avraham N. Kluger, and Mordechai Reich
COPING WITH CHRONIC STRESS
Edited by Benjamin H. Gottlieb
ETHNICITY, IMMIGRATION, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Edited by Ihsan Al-Issa and Michael Tousignant
HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND THE FAMILY
Edited by Gregory R. Pierce, Barabara R. Sarason, and Irwin G. Samson
INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF HUMAN RESPONSE TO TRAUMA
Edited by Arieh Y Shalev, Rachel Yehuda, and Alexander C. McFarlane
INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF MULTIGENERATIONAL LEGACIES OF
TRAUMA
Edited by Yael Danieli
PSYCHOTRAUMATOLOGY
Key Papers and Core Concepts in Post-Traumatic Stress
Edited by George S. Everly, Jr. and Jeffrey M. Lating
STRESS, CULTURE, AND COMMUNITY
The Psychology and Philosophy of Stress
Stevan E. Hobfoll
TRAUMATIC STRESS
From Theory to Practice
Edited by John R. Freedy and Stevan E. Hobfoll
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual ship
ment. For further information please contact the publisher.
International Handbook of
Human Response to Trauma
Edited by
Arieh Y Shalev
Hadassah Uni~ty Hospita[
Jerwakm., /STfMl
Rachel Yehuda
Mount Sinai Sdwol of Mtdici~
Bnmx, New Yom
and
Alexander C. McFariane
Quetn EUwbtth Hospital
Woodville, South Australia, Australia
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4613-6873-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-4177-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4177-6
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally pllblished by Kluwer Academic IPlenum Publi~ben; in 2000
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 2000
Allrightsreserved
No pact of this book may be reproduced. stored in a retrieval :.ystem. or tnmsmitted
in any fOnTI or by any mean" electronic, mechanical, photocopying. microfilming, recording,
OT otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
To Mrs. Vered Shalev,
a true healer of the soul, whose initiative it was to create this book
Contributors
Libby Tata Arcel, International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, DK-I0l4,
Copenhagen K, Denmark; and Institute of Psychology, University of Copenhagen,
DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
Amit Anand, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University School of
Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
Alexandra Argenti-Pillen, Department of Anthropology, University College London,
London, WCIE 6BT, England
Dan Bar-On, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev,
84105, Beersheva, Israel
Dora Black, Traumatic Stress Clinic, London, WlP lLB, England
Sandra L. Bloom, Alliance for Creative Development, P.C., Quakertown, Pennsylvania,
18951-4146
Stanley Bone, Columbia Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research, New York
Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
Omer Bonne, Center for Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah Univer
sity Hospital, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
J. Douglas Bremner, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University
School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516
Danny Brom, AMCHA, The National Israeli Center for Psychosocial Support of Sur
vivors of the Holocaust and the Second Generation, Jerusalem 93385, Israel
Laura S. Brown, Seattle, WA 98105-480l
Ingrid V. E. Carlier, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 110l BC, The Netherlands
Dennis S. Charney, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University
School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
Carole B. Corcoran, Department of Psychology, Mary Washington College, Fredericks
burg, Virginia 22401
D. Cyril D'Souza, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University School
of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
Nancy Dubrow, Taylor Institute, Chicago, Illinois 60622
vii
viii CONfRlBlITORS
Edna B. Foa, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Center for the Treatment and
Study of Anxiety, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Lisa M. Fisher, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Boston Veterans
Mfairs Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02130
Sara Freedman, Center for Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah
University Hospital, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
Matthew J. Friedman, Veterans Mfairs National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Dis
order, White River Junction, Vermont 05009
Merle Friedman, Psych-Action, Sandton, 2046, South Mrica
Lisa A. Goodman, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park,
Maryland, 20742
Bonnie L. Green, Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University, Washington DC,
20007
Stevan E. Hobfoll, Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
B. Hudnall Stamm, Institute of Rural Health Studies, Idaho State University, Pocatello,
Idaho 83209-8174
Moshe Kotler, Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion Univer
sity of the Negev, Beersheva, 84015, Israel
Karen E. Krinsley, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Boston Veterans
Mfairs. Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02130
John H. Krystal, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University School of
Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
Harold Kudler, Durham Veterans Mfairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
27705
Shmuel Lahad, The Community Stress Prevention Center, Tel Hai Academic College,
Kiryat Shmona, 11012, Israel
Israel Liberzon, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor VAMC,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105
Randall D. Marshall, Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New
York, New York 10032
Alexander C. McFarlane, Department of Psychiatry, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia
Elizabeth A. Meadows, Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt.
Pleasant, Michigan 48859
Thomas Alan Mellman, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Department of Psychia
try, Lebanon, New Hampshire 0375fK>001
Jeannine Monnier, National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical
University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Elana Newman, University of Tulsa, Tulsa Oklahoma, 74104
Martin Newman, St. George's Hospital, London, SW17 ORE, England
Barbara L. Niles, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Boston Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02130
Shulamit Niv, The Community Stress Prevention Center, Tel Hai Academic College,
Kiryat Shmona, 11012, Israel
Gwenneth Lilian Roberts, Department of Psychiatry, University of Queensland Child
and Youth Mental Health Service, Fortitude Valley, Queensland 4006, Australia
Sue Robinson, Institute of Psychiatry, London and Heathlands Mental Health Trust,
London, W6 7HH, England
Yehuda Shachem, The Community Stress Prevention Center, Tel Hai Academic College,
Kiryat Shmona, 11012, Israel
Arieh Y. Shalev, Center for Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah
University Hospital, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
Derrick Silove, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool,
NSW 2170, Australia
Steven M. Southwick, Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University
School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
Zachary Steel, Psychiatry Research and Teaching Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool,
NSW 2170, Australia
Stephan F. Taylor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
VAMC, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
Onno Van der Hart, Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht,
The Netherlands; and Cato-Polm Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
Eliezer Witztum, Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion Univer
sity of the Negev, Beersheva, 84105, Israel
Rachel Yehuda, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Pro
gram, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468
Allan Young, Department of Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, H3C lY6, Canada
Sahika Yiiksel, Istanbul-Psychosocial Trauma Programs, Department of Psychiatry, Uni
versity of Istanbul, Topkapi, Istanbul, Turkey
Preface
In 1996, representatives from 27 different countries met in Jerusalem to share ideas
about traumatic stress and its impact. For many, this represented the first dialogue that
they had ever had with a mental health professional from another country. Many of the
attendees had themselves been exposed to either personal trauma or traumatizing
stories involving their patients, and represented countries that were embroiled in
conflicts with each other. Listening to one another became possible because of the
humbling humanity of each participant, and the accuracy and objectivity of the data
presented. Understanding human traumatization had thus become a common denomi
nator, binding together all attendees. This book tries to capture the spirit of the
Jerusalem World Conference on Traumatic Stress, bringing forward the diversities and
commonalties of its constructive discourse.
In trying to structure the various themes that arose, it was all too obvious that
paradigms of different ways of conceiving of traumatic stress should be addressed first.
In fact, the very idea that psychological trauma can result in mental health symptoms
that should be treated has not yet gained universal acceptability. Even within medicine
and mental health, competing approaches about the impact of trauma and the origins
of symptoms abound. Part I discusses how the current paradigm of traumatic stress
disorder developed within the historical, social, and process contexts. It also grapples
with some of the difficulties that are presented by this paradigm from anthropologic,
ethical, and scientific perspectives.
In reflecting on the vulnerability of the current traumatic stress paradigm as
reflected by both of the official classification of diseases (i.e., the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual ofM entalDisorders-Fourth Edition and the International Classification ofD iseases
Tenth Edition), we realized that the paradigm of traumatic stress implies certain truths
that may also not be shared by other cultures. We felt that the issue of cultural diversity in
understanding ways to evaluate trauma and the responses to it must follow from a
discussion of intellectual and historical origins of the current paradigm. Part II dis
cusses the issue of how traumatic stress is perceived in different cultures.
One of the striking themes of the conference was the commonality of the experi
ence of victimization of women and children worldwide. Although the specific expres
sion of this type of victimization may depend on social and cultural variables, it was
impressive that such experiences were ubiquitous. Part III examines how different
societies experience and treat the effects of victimization in women and children.
In order to establish the fact of ubiquitous traumatization and its effects, the
careful recording and assessment of the facts are essential. On the other hand, much of
the currently available literature cannot be currently apprehended and evaluated
without understanding the strengths and limitations of systematic descriptions. Part IV
xi