International Governance of the Arctic Marine Environment: With Particular Emphasis on High Seas Fisheries

262 Pages·2014·3.27 MB·English

by  Lilly Weidemann (auth.)

International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs 7
2
at the University of Hamburg

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Lilly Weidemann A
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Governance D
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Environment U
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With Particular Emphasis H
on High Seas Fisheries
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International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS)
for Maritime Affairs
at the University of Hamburg
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/6888
Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs
Volume 27
Editedby
Ju¨rgenBasedow
MonikaBreuch-Moritz
PeterEhlers
HartmutGraßl
TatianaIlyina
FlorianJeßberger
LarsKaleschke
Hans-JoachimKoch
RobertKoch
DorisKo¨nig
RainerLagoni
GerhardLammel
UlrichMagnus
PeterMankowski
StefanOeter
MarianPaschke
ThomasPohlmann
UweSchneider
DetlefStammer
Ju¨rgenSu¨ndermann
Ru¨digerWolfrum
WilfriedZahel
Lilly Weidemann
International Governance
of the Arctic Marine
Environment
With Particular Emphasis
on High Seas Fisheries
LillyWeidemann
InternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchool
forMaritimeAffairs
Hamburg
Germany
Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr.Hans-Joachim Koch
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c.mult. JürgenBasedow
Tagdermündlichen Prüfung:27.6.2013
ISSN1614-2462 ISSN1867-9587(electronic)
ISBN978-3-319-04470-5 ISBN978-3-319-04471-2(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-04471-2
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014937003
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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To my family
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Preface
This research was completed during my time as scholar of the International Max
PlanckResearchSchoolforMaritimeAffairs(IMPRS)inHamburg.
It was conducted under the supervision of Professor Dr. Hans-Joachim Koch.
Iamverygratefulforhissupportandadviceduringtheresearch.Iwouldalsolike
toexpressmythankstoProfessor Dr.Dr.h.c.Ju¨rgen Basedow,LL.M.(Harvard)
forco-reviewingthisstudyandtoJocastaGodliebforproofreadingthemanuscript.
Furthermore, I would like to thank the IMPRS and its directors for granting
me the scholarship and providing me with the best conditions for the research
project.
Last but not least, I am very grateful for the continuous support and
encouragementofmyfriendsandmyfamily.
vii
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Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
I ClimateChangeandtheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II AimsofthisTreatise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
III Synopsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 EnvironmentalSituationintheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
I ImplicationsofClimateChangefortheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1 SpatialDefinitionsoftheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 ArcticClimateTrends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
a) Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
b) Ocean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 ImpactsonNaturalSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
a) ArcticEcosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
b) ImpactsofDiminishingSeaIce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
c) UVImpacts. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
4 ImpactsonHumanActivities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
a) Shipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
aa)TheNorthwestPassageandtheNorthernSeaRoute. . . 18
bb)PresenceofArcticShippingToday.. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 21
cc)PotentialIncreaseinArcticShipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
dd)RisksAttachedtoArcticShipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
(1)SeaIceRemainsHazardousforNavigation. . . . . . 23
(2)HazardsforArcticEcosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
(a)OilPollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
(b)Noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
(c)InvasiveSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
(d)LackofInfrastructureandCooperation. . . . . . 27
ix