International environmental risk management: a systems approach

293 Pages·2020·16.162 MB·English

by  Bell, Christopher L., Voorhees, John, Woellner, Robert A

International
Environmental Risk
Management

International
Environmental Risk
Management
A Systems Approach
Second Edition
Robert A. Woellner, John Voorhees,
and Christopher L. Bell
Second edition published 2020
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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First edition published by CRC Press 1997
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Contents
Preface: Environmental Management Systems: A Tool for Success ............xiii
Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................xxvii
Author Biographies ...........................................................................................xxix
1. The Context for Managing Environmental Risk .....................................1
1.1 ISO’s Role and Mission .........................................................................1
1.2 ISO 14000 Series of Standards for Environmental
Management Systems ...........................................................................4
1.3 Principles Used in Developing International Standards.................6
1.4 Goals of ISO 14000 ................................................................................8
1.5 CERES ...................................................................................................10
1.5.1 The Response from Business in the U.S. ............................13
1.5.2 Ceres’ Impacts ........................................................................16
1.6 NCPL .....................................................................................................18
1.7 Two Approaches, One Goal ...............................................................21
References .......................................................................................................21
2. A Systematic Approach to Managing Environmental Risk ................23
2.1 Responses of Companies to the Regulatory Arena .......................23
2.2 ISO 14000 Systems Approach ............................................................25
2.3 Environmental Policy .........................................................................30
2.4 ISO 14001:2015 ......................................................................................30
2.4.1 Assessing Risks ......................................................................32
2.4.2 Risk Modeling ........................................................................33
References .......................................................................................................33
3. Preventing and Mitigating Environmental Liabilities with
Environmental Management Systems .....................................................35
3.1 Economic Benefits ...............................................................................35
3.2 Social Benefits ......................................................................................37
3.3 Political Benefits ..................................................................................39
3.4 Technological Benefits ........................................................................40
3.5 Ideological Benefits .............................................................................40
3.6 Financial Benefits ................................................................................41
3.7 Costs of Implementation ....................................................................42
3.7.1 Cost/Benefit Analysis............................................................43
3.7.2 Domestic and International Industry-Specific
Certification Advantages ......................................................45
3.7.3 International Advantages .....................................................45
vii
viii Contents
3.8 Defining the Boundaries of the Communications Strategy..........46
3.9 Internal Risk Communications .........................................................47
3.9.1 Internal Communications Methods ....................................48
3.10 External Risk Communications ........................................................48
3.10.1 Principles of External Environmental Risk
Communication ......................................................................49
3.10.2 External Communications Methods ...................................50
3.10.3 Environmental Reports .........................................................51
3.11 Environmental Communications Strategy ......................................51
3.11.1 Plan ..........................................................................................52
3.11.2 Do .............................................................................................52
3.11.3 Check .......................................................................................52
3.11.4 Act ............................................................................................53
References .......................................................................................................53
4. Strategic Information for Risk Management
Systems ...........................................................................................................55
4.1 Evaluation and Selection of Information Technology ...................55
4.2 Process Reengineering .......................................................................57
4.3 Consideration of the Elements of the Environmental
Management System ...........................................................................58
4.3.1 Environmental Policy ............................................................59
4.3.2 Environmental Planning ......................................................59
4.3.3 Environmental Operations ...................................................59
4.3.4 Emergency Planning and Response ...................................60
4.3.5 Monitoring and Measuring ..................................................60
4.3.6 Management Reviews ...........................................................60
5. Voluntary Programs and Industry-Led Initiatives to Reduce
Environmental Risk .....................................................................................61
5.1 Environmental Insurance ..................................................................61
5.1.1 Contractual Risk Transfer .....................................................64
5.1.2 Property Transfer ...................................................................65
5.2 The Brownfields Problem ..................................................................66
5.3 Brownfields Remediation ..................................................................69
5.3.1 State and Local Actions .........................................................71
5.4 ISO 14000 and Brownfields ................................................................73
References .......................................................................................................76
6. Environmental Risk Management Systems:
An Introduction ............................................................................................79
6.1 How It Used to Be Done .....................................................................79
6.2 Management of Organizations .........................................................80
6.3 Enterprise Risk Management—A Quick Tour ................................84
References .......................................................................................................86
Contents ix
7. Compliance and Ethics Programs .............................................................89
7.1 Introduction .........................................................................................89
7.2 Why Implement a Compliance and Ethics Program? ....................91
7.2.1 Achieve Compliant and Ethical Conduct ...........................91
7.2.2 Satisfy Fiduciary Duties ........................................................92
7.2.3 Mitigate the Effect of Noncompliance ................................94
7.3 Elements of an Effective Compliance and Ethics Program ..........98
7.3.1 Compliance, Ethics, and Culture .........................................98
7.3.2 Expanded Scope: Industry Practice and Supply
Chain Management .............................................................100
7.3.3 Elements of an Effective Program .....................................101
7.3.3.1 Leadership and Oversight...................................101
7.3.3.2 Risk Assessment ...................................................107
7.3.3.3 Standards and Procedures ..................................109
7.3.3.4 Communication and Training ............................111
7.3.3.5 Monitoring and Auditing ....................................112
7.3.3.6 Internal Reporting and Investigation ................114
7.3.3.7 Discipline and Incentives ....................................116
7.4 Conclusion ..........................................................................................117
References .....................................................................................................117
8. Environmental Risk Management Systems ..........................................119
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................119
8.2 Scope and Design ..............................................................................120
8.3 Leadership, Roles, and Responsibilities .........................................124
8.4 Assessing Risk ...................................................................................128
8.5 Knowing the Rules ...........................................................................134
8.6 Objectives, Programs, and Procedures: Figuring Out
What to Do .........................................................................................137
8.7 Measuring Performance, Auditing, and Corrective/
Preventive Action ..............................................................................141
8.8 Training, Awareness, and Communication ..................................147
8.9 Documents and Records ..................................................................149
8.10 Conclusion ..........................................................................................150
References .....................................................................................................150
9. Practical Methods to Solve Environmental Problems and to
Reduce Risks ...............................................................................................153
9.1 How Alternative Dispute Resolution Works .................................153
9.2 Reasons for Foregoing the Use of ADR .........................................158
9.3 Deciding Whether to Use ADR or Litigation ................................160
9.4 Avoiding the Risk of Committing an Environmental Crime
in the 21st Century ............................................................................161
9.4.1 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 163
9.4.2 The Clean Water Act (CWA) ...............................................163