International Environmental Politics: Protecting the Antarctic

350 Pages·1994·28.12 MB·English

by  Lorraine M. Elliott (auth.)

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS
Alsoby LorraineM. Elliott
PROTECTINGTHE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT
Australiaand the MineralsConvention
International
Environmental Politics
Protecting the Antarctic
Lorraine M.Elliott
LecturerinPolitical Science
DepartmentofPolitical Science
AustralianNational University, Canberra
© Lorraine M. Elliott 1994
Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-333-59449-0
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Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
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First published in Great Britain 1994 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-39145-5 ISBN 978-0-230-37234-4 (eBook)
DOIIO.l057/9780230372344
First published in the United States of America 1994 by
Scholarly and Reference Division,
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-12136-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Elliott, Lorraine M.
International environmental politics : protecting the Antarctic I
Lorraine M. Elliott.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-12136-9
I. Environmental law-Antarctic regions. 2. Conservation of
natural resources-Law and legislation-Antarctic regions.
3. Environmental law, International. I. Title.
KWX705.E43 1994
344.989' 046-dc20
[349.890446] 93-48285
CIP
For myparents
Contents
ListofTables ix
Acknowledgements x
ListofAbbreviations xii
Map: AntarcticTerritorialClaims xv
Introduction 1
1 InternationalCooperationand Change 5
Cooperationwithin regimes 7
Institutional bargaining: negotiatinga regime 9
Regimesand the problemsofsovereigntynorms 10
Convergence and compliance: maintaininga regime 12
Beyond 'power' and 'rational actors': learningand
knowledge 15
Non-state actors 16
Change in regimesand cooperation 20
Conclusion 23
2 Regime Building: theAntarcticTreatySystem 25
The historyofAntarctic politics 25
The AntarcticTreaty 35
Consolidatinga regime 41
3 EnvironmentalProtection: Politicsand Outcomes 50
TheAntarctic environment 50
TheAntarctic environmental regime 52
Conclusion 80
4 Living'Resources' and the Limits to Conservation 82
Introduction 82
Convention for the Conservation ofAntarctic Seals 83
Convention on the Conservation ofAntarctic Marine
Living Resources 87
Conclusion 100
5 AntarcticMinerals: ProblemsandProcesses 102
Introduction 102
Mineral resources in theAntarctic 103
VII
viii Contents
The 1970s: principles and objectives 110
Conclusion 120
6 TheAntarcticMinerals Convention (CRAMRA) 121
Special Consultative Meeting IV 121
The Convention on the Regulation ofAntarctic
Mineral ResourceActivities 135
Protection ofthe environment: a convention for
protection ordevelopment? 152
Conclusion 160
7 ComprehensiveEnvironmentalProtection: from
CRAMRAto Madrid 162
Introduction 162
Cracksin the consensus 165
Buildinga coalition 172
The making ofthe Madrid Protocol: Special
Consultative MeetingXI 187
Institutional bargaining 194
8 TheMadrid Protocol ... andMter 196
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the
AntarcticTreaty 196
.., and after! 201
Conclusion 206
Appendices 215
Notes 263
Bibliography 296
Index 331
List of Tables
Tables
5.1 Debates on minerals activity,1970-81 112
6.1 FourthAntarcticTreatySpecial Consultative
Meeting: minerals negotiations 130
IX
Acknowledgements
During research for this book, I have accumulated debts to a
number ofpeople in several countries. I am delighted to have
the opportunityto thank them.
Friends and colleagues at the Scott Polar Research Institute
in Cambridge were always helpful. I should like to thank in
particular William Mills,Janice Meadows, Shirley Sawtell and
Bob Headland. Other Antarctic scholars were also willing to
discuss our mutual interests. I have enjoyed and benefitted
from conversations with Gillian Triggs, Deborah Shapley,Jack
J.
Child, Bruce Davis, Don Greig, M. Peterson and Alan
Henrikson. In particular, thanks are due to Stuart Harris and
Peter Beck for their time and insight. Representatives of
Antarctic NGOs have responded willingly to requests for
information and were available to be interviewed about their
organisations and activities. I should like to thank Margaret
Moore, Kaye Dyson, Alan Hemmings, Cath Wallace, Sue
Sabella,Jagdish Patel, Lena Hagelin and Kelly Rigg. I am par
ticularlygrateful to Lyn Goldsworthyfor hersupportand time.
Several members ofthe Antarctic diplomatic community have
been generous with their time. Thanks are due to Brendon
Doran,Jean Page,John Heap, Tucker Scully, Chris Beeby and
Vladimir Golitsyn. Particular thanks must go to Bill Bush.
Marie Kawaja ofAustralia's DepartmentofForeign Affairs and
Trade was especially helpful in facilitating access to docu
ments. Manyotherpeople agreed to be interviewed during the
course of research for this book. Therefore I should like to
thank also Robert Hofman, Dale Crane, Robin Tuttle, Michael
Tillman, Al Fowler, William Westermeyer, Scott Hajost, Jack
Talmadge, Sherburne Abbot, Lee Kimball, Bruce Manheim,
Peter Zoller, Danny Elder, Peter Clarkson, Nigel Bonner and
Inigo Everson. Clare Andrews at Macmillan provided encour
aging editorial support.
My thanks are especially due to friends and colleagues who
provided intellectual and emotional supportwhile this project
was completed and who provided the opportunity for me to
testsome ofthe ideas incorporated in this book- Diane Stone,
x