International Encyclopedia of Public Health

4368 Pages·2008·53.47 MB·English

by  Stella R. Quah

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Editor-in-Chief HeisafellowoftheAmericanPublicHealthAssocia-
tion, the American Anthropological Association (and
Harald Kristian (Kris) otherassociations)andwasforsixyearstheSeniorEditor
Heggenhougenreceived
forMedicalAnthropologyofthejournalSocialScienceand
his BA in English and
Medicine,. From 1999 to 2008 he was a member of the
American Literature
Committee on Social, Economic and Behavioural of
from Bowdoin College,
TDR/WHO, and he was also a consultant to WHO’s
Maine, USA, an MA in
EPI(immunization)programinthe1980s.Inadditionto
Sociology and his PhD
his academic activities, over the past 30 years he has
in Anthropology from carried out consultancy work with UK, Scandinavian
the New School for and other development agencies in a range of countries
Social Research, New
fromBhutantoBolivia.
YorkCity.HewasaPro-
His most recent book (co-edited with J. Lugalla) is
fessor (now retired),
Social Change and Health in Tanzania (2005). Some of
Department of Interna-
his other books include The Behavioural and Social Aspects
tionalHealth,BostonUniversitySchoolofPublicHealth,
of Malaria and Its Control (2003), co-authored with V.
(and Department of Anthropology at BU, Boston USA
Hackethal and P. Vivek, Reaching New Highs: Alternative
(1999–2008)) where he will continue as an Adjunct Therapies for Drug Addicts (1997) and (with P. Vaughan,
Professor. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Centre E. Muhondwa and J. Rutabanzibwa-Ngaiza Community
for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
HealthWorkers—TheTanzanianExperience(1987).
and a Lecturer in the Department of Social Medicine,
Amongnumerousbookchaptersisonebasedonhistalk
Harvard Medical School. He has carried out extensive at the 8th World Federation of Public Health Associations
health and behavior/medical anthropological research
meetinginArusha,Tanzania,‘‘AReturntoArusha–Struc-
for several years each in Guatemala, Malaysia and
tural Adjustment, Indeed! Violence, Globalization, Health
Tanzania and since starting out in Norway he has lived
andHumanRights’’whichappearedinHealthinTransition:
and worked for at least three years on each of five con- OpportunitiesandChallenges(1999).Hehaswrittenmorethan
tinents and speaks a number of languages. Prior to his 60peerreviewedjournalarticlesandnumerousreports.
professorship at Boston University he was for ten years
Hisresearchinterestsincludehealthanddevelopment;
(1990–1999) an Associate Professor at Harvard Medical
social change and health; the alternative therapies for
School and at Harvard School of Public Health, and for
drugaddiction;adolescenthealthandsexuality,including
ten years prior to that was a Senior Lecturer at the
thehealthandwelfareoforphans(affectedbyAIDS);the
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
NewPublicHealth,andtheinteractionofhealth,human
(1979–1999).
rights,inequityandpoverty.
vii
viii Editor-in-Chief
AssociateEditor-in-Chief University (2002); and the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-
Pacific Research Center, Spogli Institute for Interna-
Stella Quah (Ph.D) is
tional Studies, Stanford University (2006). She was
Professor of Sociology
elected Vice-President for Research of the International
at the National Univer-
Sociological Association (ISA) and Chairperson of the
sity of Singapore. She
ISA Research Council for the session 1994–1998; and
began conducting socio-
served as Associate Editor of International Sociology
logical research on (1998–2004). As part of her professional activities, Stella
health behaviour in Quah serves in institutional review boards; is member of
Singapore in 1972, initi-
theSocietyforComparativeResearch(US);andismemberof
ally at the Department
international Editorial and Advisory Boards of several
ofCommunityMedicine
referee journals. She has published extensivelyon medi-
and Public Health and
cal sociology, public policyand familysociology. Among
later on at the Depart-
her most recent publications are Crisis Preparedness: Asia
mentofSociologyoftheNationalUniversityof Singapore
and the Global Governance of Epidemics, ed., (Stanford, CA:
(formerly known as the University of Singapore). She Stanford University Shorenstein APARC & Brookings
was awarded a Fulbright-Hays scholarship from 1969 Institution, 2007); ‘‘Public image and governance of epi-
to 1971. Her research and professional activities include
demics:Comparing HIV/AIDSandSARS,’’HealthPolicy,
sabbaticals as Research Associate and Visiting Scholar
volume 80, 253–272, 2007; ‘‘Crisis Prevention and Man-
at the Institute of Governmental Studies, University of
agement during SARS Outbreak, Singapore’’, Emerging
CaliforniaBerkeley(1986–87);theCenterforInternational
Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 2 (February), 364–368,
Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologyand
2004, with Lee Hin Peng; ‘‘Traditional Healing Systems
the Department of Sociology at Harvard University
and the Ethosof Science,’’ Social Science and Medicine, 57,
(1993–94); the Harvard-Yenching Institute, Harvard 10, pp. 1997–2012, 2003; the International Handbook of
University (1997); the Stanford Program in International Sociology (London: Sage, 2000) edited with Arnaud
Legal Studies, Stanford University (1997); the National
Sales; and Families in Asia: Home and Kin (London:
Centre for Development Studies, Australian National
Routledge, forthcoming).
SECTION EDITORS
Hilda Bastian is the Dermatology. In 2005 Dr. Beissert was recruited by the
headoftheHealthInfor- DepartmentofDermatologyinMuensterasafullprofessor
mation Department at for dermatology. His research is funded by several grants
IQWiG (German Insti- fromtheDFG,GermanCancerSociety,andindustry.The
tuteforQualityandEffi- mainresearchfocusofhislaboratoryisfunctionalgenomics
ciency in Health Care). oftheskin,modulationofdendriticcellantigen-presenting
She is responsible for function, development and regulation of T cell function,
the development mechanismsofphotocarcinogenesis,mechanismsofimmu-
of evidence-based con- nologicaltoleranceanditsbreakdown,andcutaneousinnate
sumer health informa- immunity. His clinical interest is the establishment of
tion, and is editor of more efficient and safer systemic immunosuppressive
IQWiG’s bilingual treatmentregimensforpatientswithbullousautoimmune
website for the public: Gesundheitsinformation.de disorders and chronic inflammatory skin diseases. He
(Informed Health Online). She had previously been receivedseveralinternationalawardsforhiscontribution
responsible for developing evidence-based consumer in science. His work was published in journals such as
healthinformationwebsitesfor theCochraneCollabora- Lancet,NatureMedicine,JournalofExperimentalMedi-
tion.Ms.BastianwasforseveralyearsCoordinatingEditor cine,JournalofImmunology,Blood,etc.
of the Cochrane Collaboration’s Review Group on Con-
sumers and Communication, responsible for developing
Annette Braunack-
systematic reviews on the effects of communication and
MayerisAssociatePro-
informationonconsumers.Shehadabout20years’experi-
fessor in Ethics in the
ence in the field of consumer health advocacy, when her
Discipline of Public
careerinhealthbeganinmaternityconsumeradvocacy.
HealthattheUniversity
of Adelaide, where she
teaches public health
StefanBeissertreceived
ethics and qualitative
hisM.D.fromtheUniver-
research methods to
sityofGoettingen,Goet-
graduate and under-
tingen,Germany.Hewas
graduate students. She
a post-doctoral fellow at
holds an adjunct
the Cutaneous Biology
appointmentasConsul-
Research Center, Massa-
tant Ethicist for Ade-
chusetts General Hospi-
laide Health Technology Assessment. Her current
tal, Harvard University,
researchprimarilyconcernstheethicalandsocialimpacts
Boston, between 1993–
of inventions in health care, with a particular focus on
1995. He did his derma-
community involvement in decision making about new
tology residency at the
technologies.
University of Muenster,
Muenster, Germany. In
2001hewaspromotedbytheGermanResearchAssociation
(DFG) to become a Heisenberg-Associate Professor in
ix
x SectionEditors
Kent Buse is a political econometrician at the Institut d’Economie Quantitative
economistwithexpertise in Tunis (Tunisia), researcher at the Center for Opera-
in health policyanalysis. tions Research and Econometrics in Leuven, Takemi
He currently serves as a Fellow in International Health at the Harvard School
Research Fellow at the of Public Health, economic adviser to the Minister of
Overseas Development PublicHealthoftheFederalGovernmentofBelgiumand
Institute, London, the adjunct-professorofpublichealthatBostonUniversity.
UK’s leading indepen-
dentthinktankoninter- SallyCaswellisProfes-
national development. sorofSocialandHealth
Hehaspreviouslytaught ResearchandtheDirec-
atYaleUniversityandat tor of the Centre for
theLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine.He Social and Health Out-
has worked and consulted for a range of organizations come Research and
including the World Bank, UNAIDS, the Global Fund, Evaluation (SHORE)
UNICEF, DFID, WHO, UNFPA as well as for national Massey University. Her
governmentsandmajorpublic–privatehealthpartnerships researchinterestsarein
(e.g.,PMNCH,GAIN)atheadquartersandfieldlevels.He socialandpublic health
holdsaPhDinpolicyanalysisandanMSc(Econ)inhealth policy, particularly in
policy, planning, and financing. His most recent book is relation to alcohol and
Making Health Policy (Open University Press), which was other drugs. In 1993
short-listedfor theBaxteraward. He has co-editedHealth Professor Casswell received the Jellinek Award, which is
Policy in a Globalizing World (Cambridge) and is presently the premier international award for alcohol research. She
leadeditorofMakingSenseofGlobalHealthGovernance(Pal- hasa particularinterest indevelopment andimplementa-
grave)andisthePolicySectioneditorofthisEncyclopediaof tion of healthy public policy on alcohol marketing and
PublicHealth. policy implementation and evaluation at the community
level. She has a long association with the World Health
Organisation,chairingexpertadvisorycommittees,partici-
Guy Carrin is senior
pating in working groups and on editorial committees
health economist and
whichhaveproducedtwovolumesonAlcoholandPublic
coordinator in the
Policy published by Oxford University Press (1994 and
Department of Health
1995)andafollow-upprojectwhichresultedinthepubli-
Systems Financing at
cation Alcohol, No Ordinary Commodity: Research and
the World Health
Public Policy; Oxford University Press, 2003. She is cur-
Organization in Geneva,
rentlyamemberoftheWHOExpertPanelonAlcoholand
Switzerland. He is also
Drug Dependence and SHORE is a WHO Collaborating
part-time professor of
Centre.ProfessorCasswellisaFellowoftheRoyalSociety
health economics at the
of New Zealand and an Officer of the Order of
University of Antwerp
NewZealand.
(Belgium). He published
extensively in the areas
ofsocialsecurity,macro- Michel Coleman cur-
economic modelling, rently leads the Cancer
and health economics. In the field of health economics, Research UK Survival
he is the author of ‘‘Economic Evaluation of Health Care in Group at the London
Developing Countries’’ and ‘‘Strategies for Health CareFinance School of Hygiene &
in Developing Countries’’. He is co-editor of ‘‘Macroeconomic Tropical Medicine. Pre-
Environment and Health’’ and ‘‘Health Financing for Poor viously he was Deputy
People’’andof aspecialissueofSocialScience andMedicine Chief Medical Statisti-
on ‘‘The Economics of Health Insurance in Low and Middle- cian at the Office for
incomecountries’’. National Statistics and
He holds a M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Head of the Cancer and
theUniversityofNewHampshire(USA)andtheUniver- PublicHealthUnitatthe
sity of Leuven (Belgium), respectively. He was Canada School. He has worked
Council fellow at the University of Toronto (Canada), for the International
SectionEditors xi
AgencyforResearchonCancerinLyonandwasMedical Valery L. Feigin is a
DirectoroftheThamesCancerRegistryinLondon. neurologist and Associ-
His main interests include trends in cancer incidence, ate Professor at the
mortalityand survival, and the application of these tools ClinicalTrialsResearch
tothepublichealthcontrolofcancer.Heisinvolvedina Unit, School of Popula-
wide range of projects to quantify, describe and explain tion Health, The Uni-
patternsandtrendsincancer survivalbysocio-economic versity of Auckland,
group,geographicareaandethnicity,aswellasextending New Zealand. He
themethodologyandtoolsforsurvivalanalysisincluding graduated in medicine
developingaSTATAprogramforrelativesurvivalanaly- from the State Medical
sis. Projects include updating national estimates of the School of Novosibirsk,
socio-economic gradient in cancer survival in England Russia and undertook
and Wales among four million adults diagnosed with advanced training in
one of 20 major cancers between 1971 and 1999, and neurology and clinical epidemiology (PhD: Institute of
producing survival estimates for patients with one of Neurology,Moscow,Russia;MasterofScienceinClinical
8 major cancers in English Health Authorities for use as Epidemiology: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA and
NHS High-Level Performance Indicators. He co-ordi- Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands).
nates the CONCORD project comparing survival Valery has contributed to thedesign and performance of
among over 2 million patients diagnosed with cancer of a number of national and international research projects
thebreast,bowelorprostateduring1990–94andfollowed in stroke, including the WHO MONICA Project and
upto1999inover30countriesonfivecontinents. variousclinicaltrialsresearchunitprojectsincludingthe
Freemasons Health Study, Auckland Regional Commu-
nityStroke(ARCOS)study,theNeuroprotectionInvolv-
ing Cooling Evaluation in Stroke Study (NICE), Asian
Paul R. Epstein, M.D., Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration (APCSC), and the
M.P.H. is Associate POLYPILLRecruitmentpilotstudy.Valeryiscurrentlya
Director of the Center principal investigator of the Auckland Stroke Outcomes
for Health and the (ASTRO) study and a named investigator on the Stroke
Global Environment AttentionRehabilitationTrial(START),POLYPILLfea-
at Harvard Medical sibility study, and POLYPILL IMPACT (IMProving
School (http:/ /chge. Adherence using Combination Therapy) trial projects.
med.har vard .edu), and Valery is a member of a number of international profes-
has worked in medical, sional societies, founding member of the Scientist Panel
teaching and research on Neuroepidemiology and Task Force on Teaching of
capacities in Africa, Clinical Epidemiology of the European Federation
Asia and Latin ofNeurologicalSocieties,andaFacultymemberofEdu-
America. In 1993, Paul cational Activities in Eastern Europe of the European
coordinated an eight- FederationofNeurologicalSocieties.Valeryisamember
part series on Health of the editorial boards of several medical journals and
and Climate Change for The Lancet. Paul has worked serves as a peer-reviewer for a number of medical orga-
withtheIPCC,theNAS,NOAAandNASAtoassessthe nizations and journals. He has authored and/or co-
health impacts of climate change and develop health authoredover200scientificpublicationsonstrokeepide-
applications of climate forecasting and remote sensing. miology, prevention and management, including several
He coordinated Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological handbooks, book chapters, Cochrane systematic reviews,
and Economic Dimensions, an international project with and guidelines for physicians. He was a recipient of a
Swiss Re and the UNDPand is currentlycoordinating a number of prestigious national and international awards
‘CatModelingForum’withA.I.G.andLloyd’sofLondon anddistinctions, includinga Fogarty International Centre
tofacilitateintegrationofdynamicandstatisticalmodels ResearchGrantAward(NationalInstituteofNeurological
for better risk assessment and reduction. Paul is also Disorders & Stroke of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,
preparing a report that examines the ‘‘stabilization USA),theBruceShoenburgInternationalAwardandLec-
wedges’’throughthelensofhealthandecologicalsafety. ture in Neuroepidemiology (American Academy of
xii SectionEditors
Neurology), the Gedeon Richter Award for Studies on Jeffrey Griffiths
Cavinton in Acute Stroke, Honorary Professor (Novosi- trained as an infecti-
birskStateMedicalAcademy),andProfessorofNeurology ousdiseasesconsultant,
(Russian Academyof Medical Sciences). Valery’s areas of internist and pediatri-
special interest are stroke prevention, epidemiology, and cian. He was educated
treatment. at Harvard College,
AlbertEinsteinCollege
of Medicine, Tulane
Ken Fox does com- University School of
munity pediatrics. A Public Health and
physician and medi- Tropical Medicine,
cal anthropologist, he Yale-New Haven Hos-
workstomakeaprefer- pital, Harvard School
ential option for the of Public Health, and Tufts-New England Medical
poor in health care as Center. He current research is in the emerging disease
a clinician, advocate, pathogen Cryptosporidium, the use of micronutrients to
scholarandteacher. ameliorateorpreventinfectiousdiseasesinmalnourished
A graduate of the children, innovative curricula to link international sites,
PritzkerSchoolofMed- andanheatstablemeaslesvaccine.Hisresearchhasbeen
icine at the University fundedbytheUSNationalInstitutesofHealth,theEnvi-
of Chicago, he trained ronmental Protection Agency, the Gates Foundation,
in Pediatrics at Children’s Hospital in Boston. After fel- and the US Agency for International Development.
lowship as a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at Dr.GriffithshasservedontheUSEPA’sNationalDrink-
theUniversityofPennsylvania,heworkedintheDepart- ing Water Advisory Council and the EPA’s Science
ment of Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School AdvisoryBoard’sDrinkingWaterPanel.
under the direction of Arthur Kleinman. There he
co-directed a course with Paul Farmer and Jim Kim of
Partners in Health called ‘‘The Social Roots of Health James Harlan, MD,
andIllness.’’ FACP, FACPM,
Dr. Fox later served as an Assistant Professor of FAAFP, FAHA,
Pediatrics at Boston University Schools of Medicine received his MD magna
and of Public Health where he continued to bridge the cum laude from the
worlds of academic general pediatrics, anthropology Medical College of
andclinicalpractice.Hehasextensiveexperienceonthe Virginia and trained
frontlines of public health as a primary care physician in internal medicine at
in several urban US health centers and has directed Duke University, with
community based projects in the US and abroad in col- subsequent training in
laboration with Partners in Health and Physicians for cardiology and bio-
HumanRights. chemistry at that insti-
Dr.Foxistherecipientofnumerousgrantsandawards tution. During a career
from The WK Kellogg Foundation, the Open Society in academic medicine,
Institute, The Ford Foundation, the Fulbright Commis- he has been a professor of medicine at Duke University,
sionandtheInstituteforHealthandSocialJustice. UniversityofAlabama,Birmingham,andTheUniversity
He has lectured nationally and internationally and ofMichigan.Atthelasttwoschools,hewasalsoassociate
published on a wide range of topics from ‘‘poverty and dean of the schools of medicine. In 1987, Dr. Harlan
childhealth’’and‘‘racialinequitiesinhealthandcare’’to became Director of the Division of Epidemiology and
‘‘cultural competence in medicine’’ and ‘‘the uses of hip Clinical Applications at the National Heart, Lung and
hopinhealthandhumanrightspromotion.’’ BloodInstitute,NIH.Inthisposition,hewasresponsible
Dr. Fox is currently a staff physician at Erie Family for the portfolio development and oversight of observa-
Health Center and an Assistant Clinical Professor of tional and interventional clinical research studies sup-
Pediatrics at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School ported by the Institute. In 1991, Dr. Harlan was named
ofMedicine. Associate Director for Disease Prevention for NIH and
SectionEditors xiii
charged with the development of the Women’s Health Judith Justice is a
Initiative, a large multidimensional set of clinical trials faculty member in
and observational studies. He was also responsible for Medical Anthropology
developmentoftheNationalCenterforComplementary and Health Policy at
andAlternativeMedicineandtheOfficeofDietarySup- the University of Cali-
plementsattheNIH.Dr.Harlanretiredfromthegovern- forniaatSanFrancisco.
mentin2001,andhasservedasSeniorAdvisoronclinical Research interests
trials at the National Institute of Mental Health. He is include international
currently a senior consultant with ClinicalTrials.gov and national health
(NationalLibraryofMedicine)onregistrationandresults policy; foreign aid to
reporting. the health sector;
health and development; cultural context of emerging
and re-emerging infectious disease, and stigmatized
health conditions (e.g., HIV/AIDS, leprosyand tubercu-
Craig R. Janes is
losis); reproductive and child health; new vaccines and
currently Professor and
immunization; and, the role of NGOs. Professor Justice
Associate Dean (acade-
has conducted research in South and Southeast Asia and
mic) in the Faculty of
Africa, and served as an evaluator for foundations and
HealthSciencesatSimon
internationalorganizations,inadditiontoearlierworking
FraserUniversity.Priorto
with the United Nations and UNICEF/India. Her
comingtoSFUhewasat
research includes multi-country studies of the political
the University of Color-
andculturaldimensionsofreproductiveandchildhealth,
ado, Denver & Health
studies on immunization and adoption of new vaccines,
SciencesCenter.Therehe
andatwenty-fiveyearrestudyofthefitbetweeninterna-
developedanddirectedthe
tionalhealthpolicesandlocalneedsinNepal,whichwas
Ph.D. program in Health
earlierpublishedasPolicies,PlansandPeople:ForeignAidand
andBehavioralSciences.
HealthDevelopment.CurrentresearchalsofocusesonReli-
Janes is a medical anthropologist interested in and
gious Organizations and HIV/AIDS in Malawi, and the
committed to social science approaches to public health
Role of Stakeholders in the California Stem Cell Initia-
and global health policy. He received his B.A. degree in
tive.Shehasservedonacademicandprofessionalreview
Anthropology from the University of California, San
panels,NGOboardsandadvisorygroups,andiscurrently
Diego in 1975; an M.A. degree in Anthropology from
a member of the steering committees of several interna-
the University of Colorado-Boulder in 1978, and his
tionalforums.
Ph.D. in Medical Anthropology from the University of
California,Berkeley&SanFrancisco,in1984.Hehasjust
finished athreeyear termaspresident oftheSociety for Japhet Killewo is a
MedicalAnthropology.Dr.Janeshasworkedontheprob- professorofEpidemiol-
lem of the globalization of market-based health reform ogy at the Muhimbili
policy since the early 1990s, first in southwestern China University of Health
(Tibet),andmostrecentlyinMongolia.Inadditiontothe and Allied Sciences
work on health reform in Mongolia, he has also done (MUHAS)inTanzania.
research there on the social determinants of maternal He teaches epidemiol-
andchildhealth.AtpresentheisfundedbytheNational ogy and biostatistics
Science Foundation of the U.S. to examine the impactof as regular university
recent climate disasters on herding households in rural courses to undergradu-
Mongolia. ates and post-graduate
students and offers
xiv SectionEditors
shortcoursesindatamanagement,researchmethodology and undergraduate courses at Harvard related to risk
andmonitoringandevaluationtootherscholars.Hedoes assessmentandtheurbanenvironment.
research in communicable and non-communicable dis-
eases is currently involved in a large field study for
monitoring HIV infection trends and evaluating the John Lynch is Profes-
impactofHIVinterventionsinoneofthetwentyregions sor of Epidemiology
ofTanzania.Histeachingandresearchexperiencestarted and Canada Research
in1980whenhejoinedtheuniversity.Hehasalsoworked Chair in Population
with the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Health at McGill Uni-
Research(ICDDRB)inBangladeshaspartofhissabbati- versity in Montreal.
cal period in the university for four years (1999–2003) His research interests
doingresearchinreproductivehealth. include: life course
JK has critically reviewed a considerable number of processes and health at
research proposals and manuscripts for various peer theindividualandpop-
reviewed international journals. JK has publishedwidely ulation levels; child
in local as well as international journals and has written and adolescent health;
chapters in books. There are more than 55 published methodsformonitoring
articles in journals to his credit. Conference papers and levels and trends in
reports include more than 24 papers and reports in a health inequalities, and; comparing the effectiveness of
variety of topics in conference proceedings and in un- intervention strategies to improve population health and
publishedreports. reducehealthinequalities.
He has more than 150 publications and has research
collaborations in Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, Den-
mark,Finland,Korea,SwedenandtheUS.Hehasreceived
Jonathan I. Levy is an
researchfundingfromtheNationalHeart,LungandBlood
associate professor of
Institute(NHLBI),NationalInstituteforChildHealthand
Environmental Health
Development (NICHD), the Centers for Disease Control
and Risk Assessment
and Prevention (CDC), National Cancer Institute (NCI),
in the Department of
RobertWoodJohnsonFoundation(RWJF),CanadianInsti-
Environmental Health
tutesforHealthResearch(CIHR),andtheGovernmentof
at Harvard School of
Canada.Hehasservedoninternationalreviewboardsand
Public Health. He
workinggroupsincludingtheWorldHealthOrganization,
received his Sc.D. from
European Science Foundation, National Institutes of
Harvard School of
Health, Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council
Public Health in Envi-
and UK Biobank. He teaches graduate courses in life
ronmental Science and
courseepidemiology,populationhealth,andadvancedepi-
Risk Management, with
demiologicalmethods.
aB.A.inAppliedMathematicsfromHarvardCollege.His
research focuses on developing models to quantitatively
assess the health impacts of air pollution from local to JamesMaguireisPro-
national scales, with a focus on urban environments. fessor of Medicine
Recent research efforts include using geographic infor- at Harvard Medical
mation systems to determine spatial heterogeneity in SchoolandSeniorPhy-
indoor and outdoor air pollution in low-income urban sicianintheDivisionof
neighborhoods;anddevelopingmethodstobettercharac- Infectious Diseases at
terize the magnitude and distribution of health benefits Brigham and Women’s
associatedwithemissionscontrolsformotorvehiclesand Hospital in Boston,
powerplants,withconsiderationofenvironmentaljustice Massachusetts. He re-
issues. Dr. Levy was the recipient of the Walter ceived the MD degree
A. Rosenblith New Investigator Award from the Health from Harvard Medical
Effects Institute in 2005, and he served on the NRC School,MPHinTropi-
Committee on the Effects of Changes in New Source cal Public Health at
ReviewProgramsforStationarySourcesofAirPollutants the Harvard School of Public Health, and training in
and the NRC Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases at the Peter
Methods Used By the U.S. EPA. He teaches graduate Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. His work focuses on
SectionEditors xv
clinical and epidemiological aspects of parasitic diseases, Jonathan Mayer is
primarilyinLatinAmericaandAsia.Hisformerpositions Professor of Epidemi-
includeChiefoftheParasiticDiseasesBranchattheCen- ology and Geography
tersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)inAtlanta, and Adjunct Professor
Georgia, and Director of the Division of International of Medicine (Division
HealthattheUniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine. of Allergy and Infec-
Hehaspublishedover150originalarticlesandbookchap- tious Diseases), Family
tersandservesasasectioneditoroftheAmericanJournal Medicine, and Health
of Tropical Medicine andHygiene.Heisthe recipientof Services,attheUniver-
numerousteachingawardsandtheBeanKeanMedalfrom sity of Washington in
theAmericanSocietyofTropicalMedicineandHygiene, Seattle,Washington.HeisalsoCo-DirectoroftheUnder-
andwaselectedtotheAmericanSocietyofEpidemiology. graduatePrograminPublicHealth,andamemberofthe
International Health Faculty. Professor Mayer’s research
is in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, tropical
Kenneth Manton is a vectorborne diseases, and the epidemiology of pain and
formal demographer accessibility to pain services and treatment. He is also a
and health physicist researcher in the health effects ofdisasters,and in urban
who develops and slumhealthindevelopingcountries.Mayerhasservedon
applies mathematical numerousInstituteofMedicineandNationalAcademyof
models of health and Sciences committees, as well as committees at the US
disability changes to National Institutes of Health. He is also President and
theU.S.elderlypopula- founder of an NGO, the Health Improvement and Pro-
tion.Hehasalsoworked motion Al liance (HIP-Ghan a; see www.HIP-G hana.or g)
extensively with the whichworksonimprovingpublichealthandsanitationin
WHO on models of thelargestsluminAccra,Ghana.
chronic disease inci-
dence and prevalence
Terry O’Connor is a
andpopulationagingindevelopedcountries.Dr.Manton
practicing Respiratory
haspublishedseveralbooksonstatisticalmethodsandthe
Physician with an
useoffuzzysetmodelsandhasextensivelypublishedon
interest in tuberculosis
the effects of health care on changes in the health and
and other mycobacte-
functional status of the elderly population of the United
rial diseases. He pro-
States.Hewastheprincipalinvestigatoronthe1989–2004
videsaregionalservice
NationalLongTermCareSurvey(NLTCS)andwasone
for mycobacterial dis-
ofthefirstresearcherstoidentifytherecentacceleration
easeinthesouthofthe
ofdeclines inthe prevalence ofchronicdisabilityamong
Republic of Ireland
U.S.elderlypersons.Hehasalsodoneextensiveanalyses
with a catchment pop-
of the Medicare and Medicaid use and expenditures in
ulation of more than
the U.S. elderly population. His recent work has focused
500000 people, run-
on interdisciplinary analyses of health processes using
ning a busy tuberculo-
extensions of multivariate Fokker-Planck equations by
sisclinic with inpatient
describing fuzzy state systems and how disability rate
beds for the small number of patients who need super-
declinesatlateragesmaybefosteredbyvariousinterven-
vised therapy and are unsuitable for DOTS. He has
tionscenarios.Inaddition,Dr.Mantonhasanalyzedhow
an interest in the global perspective of tuberculosis,
the effects of investment in biomedical research may
particularly because of a recent influx of immigrants
stimulatefutureeconomicgrowth.
fromdevelopingcountriestotheRepublicofIreland.