Table Of Content

International Encyclopedia of Political Science Bertrand Badie Editorial Board General Editors Bertrand Badie Institut d'études politiques (Sciences Po) Paris, France Dirk Berg-Schlosser Philipps-Universität Marburg Marburg, Germany Leonardo Morlino LUISS Guido Carli Rome, Italy Associate Editors Nathaniel Beck Takashi Inoguchi New York University University of Niigata Prefecture New York City, New York, United States Tokyo, Japan Walter Carlsnaes B. Guy Peters Uppsala Universitet University of Pittsburgh Uppsala, Sweden Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States FOR INFORMATION: Copyright © 2011 by SAGE Publications, Inc. SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or 2455 Teller Road utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the E-mail: [email protected] publisher. SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Printed in the United States of America. SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 International encyclopedia of political science / edited by Bertrand India Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino. SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 8 v. cm. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 A SAGE Reference publication. Far East Square Includes bibliographical references and index. Singapore 048763 ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6 (cloth) 1. Political science—Encyclopedias. I. Badie, Bertrand. II. Berg-Schlosser, Dirk. III. Morlino, Leonardo JA61.I58 2011 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke 320.03—dc22 2011009801 Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson Developmental Editor: Diana E. Axelsen Production Editor: Tracy Buyan 11 12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton Copy Editor: QuADS Prepress (P) Ltd. Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Kate Peterson, Olivia Weber-Stenis Indexer: Mary Mortensen Cover Designer: Janet Kiesel Marketing Manager: Kristi Ward Contents List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xv 1 About the General Editors xxiii Contributors xxv Preface xlix Introduction to Political Science li Entries A 1 B 129 C 183 Index I-1 List of Entries Accountability Beliefs Accountability, Electoral Bilateralism Accountability, Interinstitutional Biology and Politics Administration Bipolarity and Multipolarity Administration Theory Boolean Algebra Advocacy Bootstrap. See Robust Statistics Advocacy Coalition Framework Breakdown of Political Systems Advocacy Networks, Transnational Buddhism African Political Thought Budgeting, Rational Models Agencies Bureaucracy Agenda Setting Bureaucracy, Rational Choice Models Aggregate Data Analysis Bureaucracy, Street-Level Alienation Alliances Cabinets Analysis of Variance Capitalism Analytic Narratives: Applications Case Studies Analytic Narratives: The Method Categorical Response Data Anarchism Caudillismo Anarcho-Syndicalism. See Anarchism; Anarchy Causal Heterogeneity. See Causality Anarchy Causality Anomia Censored and Truncated Data Apathy Censorship Area Studies Central Banks Arms Race Change, Institutional Attitude Consistency Charisma Attitudes, Political Christian Democratic Parties Audit Society Christianity Auditing Church–State Relationships Authoritarian Regimes Citizenship Authority. See Legitimacy Civic Culture Autonomy, Administrative Civic Participation Autonomy, Subnational Civil Service Autonomy and Sovereignty. See Sovereignty Civil Society Civil War Balance of Power Class, Social Bargaining Cleavages, Social and Political Bayesian Analysis. See Statistical Inference, Clientelism Classical and Bayesian Coalitions Behavioralism Cohort Analysis vii viii List of Entries Cold War. See Balance of Power; Bipolarity and Data, Archival Multipolarity; Superpower; Totalitarian Regimes; Data, Missing Transatlantic Relations; War and Peace Data, Spatial Collaboration Data, Textual Collective Security Data Analysis, Exploratory Colonialism Data Visualization Common Goods Decentralization Communism Delegation Communist Parties Deliberative Policy Making Communist Systems Democracy, Consociational Communitarianism Democracy, Direct Comparative Methods Democracy, Quality Comparative Politics Democracy, Theories of Competition, Political Democracy, Types of Complexity Democracy: Chinese Perspectives Compliance Democracy: Middle East Perspectives Concept Formation Democracy: Russian Perspectives Conditionality Democratic Consolidation Conditions, Necessary and Sufficient Democratic Peace Configurational Comparative Methods Democratization Conflict Resolution Dependency Theory Conflict Theory. See Conflict Resolution Deregulation Conflicts Détente Confucianism Deterrence. See Arms Race Consensus Developing World and International Relations Conservatism Development, Political Conservative Parties Development Administration Constitutional Engineering Diaspora Constitutionalism Dictatorship Constructivism Diplomacy Constructivism in International Relations Disarmament Containment Discipline of Political Science, The. See Contingency Theory Introduction to Political Science (Volume 1) Contract Theory Discontent. See Dissatisfaction, Political Cooperation Discourse Analysis Coordination Discretion Corporativism Discriminant Analysis/Classification. See Correlation Categorical Response Data Correspondence Analysis Discrimination Corruption Discursive Institutionalism Corruption, Administrative Discursive Policy Analysis Cost–Benefit Analysis Dissatisfaction, Political Credible Commitment Domestic Politics and International Relations Crisis Durkheim, Émile Crisis Management Critical Theory Economic Policy Critical Theory in International Relations Economic Statecraft Cross-National Surveys Economic Theories of Politics Cross-Tabular Analysis Effectiveness, Bureaucratic Culturalism Efficacy, Political List of Entries ix Election by Lot Formal Theory. See Game Theory; Election Observation Social Choice Theory Election Research Freedom. See Liberty Elections, Primary Functionalism Elections, Volatility Fundamentalism Electoral Behavior Fundamentalist Movements, Islamic Electoral Campaigns Fuzzy-Set Analysis Electoral Geography Electoral Systems Game Theory Electoral Turnout Gender Elites Generalized Least Squares. See Weighted Least Elitism Squares Empire Genocide Empowerment Geopolitics English School in International Relations. Globalization See International Society Governance Environmental Issues Governance, Administration Policies Environmental Policy Governance, Global Environmental Security Studies Governance, Good Epistemic Communities Governance, Informal Epistemological and Methodological Governance, Multilevel Foundations Governance, Urban Equality Governance Networks Equality, Political Government Equilibrium. See Game Theory Granger Causality Ethics Graphics, Statistical Ethnicity Greek Philosophy Ethnographic Methods Green Parties Europe as an International Actor Grounded Theory European Integration Groupthink Europeanization of Policy Evaluation Research Health Policy Event Counts Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Event History Analysis Hegemony Evidence-Based Policy Hermeneutics Executive Hierarchical/Multilevel Models. Experiments, Field See Multilevel Analysis Experiments, Laboratory Hinduism Experiments, Natural Historical Memory Historical Sociology Factor Analysis History of Political Science Fair Division Hobbes, Thomas Fascism Human Development Fascist Movements Human Rights, Comparative Perspectives Federalism Human Rights in International Relations Feminism Hybrid Regimes Feminist Movements Hypothesis Testing Feminist Theory in International Relations Foreign Aid and Development Idealism Foreign Policy Analysis Idealism in International Relations