International dispute settlement in an evolving global society: constitutionalization, accessibility, privatization PDF
Preview International dispute settlement in an evolving global society: constitutionalization, accessibility, privatization
International Dispute Settlement in an Evolving Global Society Constitutionalization, Accessibility, Privatization ThisbookistheoutcomeoftheSirHerschLauterpachtMemorialLecturesdeliv- eredbytheauthoratCambridgeUniversityin2001.Itaddressesthreesalientissues ofcontemporaryinternationaldisputesettlement:thedevelopmentofinternational constitutionallawinaglobalsociety;theincreasingaccessoftheindividual;and thedevelopingroleofinternationalprivatearbitration. Thebookdiscussesrecentthoughtsandproposalsconcerninganewroleforthe InternationalCourtofJusticeinperformingjudicialconstitutionalfunctions,with particularreferencetotheUnitedNationsandthetrendstowardtherecognition ofjudicialreview.Italsoaddressesthequestionoftheeventualestablishmentofan InternationalConstitutionalCourt. Theincreasingaccessofindividualstointernationaldisputesettlementisexam- ined in the light of ICSID arbitration, free trade agreements and other devel- opments in the WTO. Emerging trends in the organization of international commercialarbitrationarediscussedinthelightofprivatizationarrangements. francisco orrego vicun˜a isProfessorofInternationalLawattheInstitute ofInternationalStudiesandLawSchool,UniversityofChile.Heiscurrentlythe PresidentoftheWorldBankAdministrativeTribunalandamemberoftheICSID PanelsofConciliatorsandArbitratorsbyappointmentofthePresidentoftheWorld Bank.HehaslecturedinuniversitiesintheUSA,Europe,thePacificandSouth America,andattheHagueAcademyofInternationalLaw. Availabletitlesintheseries francisco orrego vicun˜a InternationalDisputeSettlementin anEvolvingGlobalSociety Constitutionalization,Accessibility,Privatization 0521842395 martti koskenniemi TheGentleCivilizerofNations TheRiseandFallofInternationalLaw1870–1960 0521623111hardback 0521548098paperback thomas m. franck RecoursetoForce StateActionAgainstThreatsandArmedAttacks 0521820138 antonio cassese Self-DeterminationofPeoples ALegalAppraisal 052163752X mohamed shahabuddeen PrecedentintheWorldCourt 0521563100 elihu lauterpacht AspectsoftheAdministrationofInternationalJustice 0521463122 arthur watts InternationalLawandtheAntarcticTreatySystem 0521463114 ignaz seidl-hohenveldern CorporationsinandunderInternationalLaw 0521463246 International Dispute Settlement in an Evolving Global Society Constitutionalization, Accessibility, Privatization ˜ FRANCISCO ORREGO VICUNA HerschLauterpachtMemorialLectures 2001 LauterpachtResearchCentreforInternationalLaw UniversityofCambridge CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521842396 © Francisco Orrego Vicuña 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Reprinted 2006 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-84239-6 hardback Transferred to digital printing 2009 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. Contents Preface pagevii Acknowledgements ix Listofabbreviations x Tableoftreaties xii Tableofcases xxi 1 Anevolvinginternationalsociety:institutionalization, privatization,globalization 1 2 Aconstitutionalcourtforaninternationalsociety? 10 3 Individualsandsettlementofinternationalclaims:change andadaptationofgoverningrules 29 4 Individualsbeforeinternationalcourtsandtribunals: acontinuingprogression 48 5 Shapinganewrolefortheindividualininternationaldispute settlement:thecontributionofspecializedjurisdictions 63 6 TheWorldTradeOrganizationintegrateddisputesettlement system:innovationandtransition 85 7 Analternativedisputeresolutionsystemforinternational disputes 98 8 Acentralized-decentralizeddisputeresolutionsystemforthe internationalcommunity? 124 Bibliography 127 Index 142 v Preface IhavebeengreatlyhonoredbytheinvitationofSirElihuLauterpachtand the Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge to deliver the Sir Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures for 2001. Because these are the first Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures at thebeginningofanewcentury,itisappropriatetofocusonasubjectthat is likely to endure for many years and to which Sir Hersch Lauterpacht greatlycontributedinhisowntime. Thenewarrangementsfordisputesettlementunderinternationallawin an evolving international society pose a number of key questions. First, it mustbeaskedwhatarethelikelycharacteristicsofinternationalsocietyin theforeseeablefutureandwhatwillbetheirimpactupontheinternational legalorder.Theevolutionthattookplaceinthisrespectduringthetwentieth century offers a number of discernible trends that might serve to identify thebasicfeaturesoftheinternationalsocietyandofinternationallaw. The second major question arises from the fact that international rela- tionsinanevolvingsociety,onethatisstilldevelopingitsgoverningstructure andrules,necessarilyresultinawholesetofnewissuesassociatedwiththe differenttypesofdisputesthatneedtobeattendedtointhechanginglegal environment.Thisinturnraisesthequestionofthemostadequatedispute settlement arrangements for handling the new legal, moral and political concernsoftheinternationalcommunity. Threecentralconcernsoftheinternationalcommunitywillbeexplored in these lectures. First, the question of the need to establish and identify basicconstitutionalrulesforthegovernanceofinternationalsocietywillbe discussed.Inthiscontextonemightconsiderthefeasibilityofestablishing anInternationalConstitutionalCourt,aswellastheroletheInternational CourtofJusticehashadandislikelytohaveindealingwithconstitutional vii Preface issues.Whilethisraisesimportantlytheproblemofthestructureandpow- ers of the United Nations, it is not restricted to the ambit of any one organization;italsocoversmanyquestionsofgeneralinternationallaw. Theemergenceoftheindividualasasubjectandactorofinternational law is a second major concern to be explored. This aspect relates both to themodelsthatarealreadyavailabletosettledisputesinvolvingbothstate andindividualinterestsandtotheneedsanddevelopmentsthatmightbe envisaged in this field. However, although considerable progress has been andisbeingmade,someimportantlimitshavebecomeevident;attending to these with care is necessary if we are to avoid a distortion of the true functionofthesenewarrangements. As international society becomes both more complex and interrelated thenumberofdisputeslikelytobesubmittedtointernationalproceduresis expectedtogrowexponentially;thisisalreadyevidentfromcurrentprac- tice.Thefeasibilityofestablishingastructuredorsemi-structuredmecha- nismofalternativedisputeresolutionattheinternationallevelwillalsobe explored, particularly with a view to attend the many disputes that relate totransnationalbusinessandcommercialactivities. The author had the opportunity and the privilege to participate as a co-rapporteuronthesubjectofdisputesettlementfortheCentennialCom- memorationoftheFirstPeaceConference.Thiseventtookplacein1999in TheHagueandSt.Petersburg,attheinvitationoftheDutchandRussian governments, just as it had done a century earlier. During the work lead- ingtothiscommemorationandthediscussionsheldonthesubject,many ideas were contributed by distinguished international lawyers and judges, ofwhichmanyhavecontributedtothepresentshapeoftheselectures. Itishopedthatthisdiscussionwillprovokenewthoughtsandeventually lead to new proposals on the improvement of current dispute settlement arrangements under international law, so as to facilitate the task of both present and future international courts and tribunals, and other institu- tions.Thisinitselfwould,ofcourse,bethegreatesthomagetoSirHersch Lauterpacht,whosevisionofaninternationalsocietyunderlawhadatits hearttheneedforjustandeffectiveinternationaljudicialinstitutions. viii Acknowledgements The author wishes to acknowledge the many useful suggestions made by colleagues and friends in the preparation and revision of these lectures. Particular mention must be made of Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, Professor James Crawford, Dr. Joanna Gomula and Mr. Darren Peacock, all from the Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law at the University of Cambridge. Paz Zarate, from the Institute of International Studies of theUniversityofChile,alsogreatlyhelpedintheorganizationofthetables andbibliography. Theresearchcarriedoutinthepreparationoftheselectureswasmade possible under Grant No. 1000755 of the Chilean National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development on “New Alternatives for the SettlementofDisputesunderInternationalLaw:trendsforthetwenty-first century”(2000–2002). ix
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