International Conflict over Water Resources in Himalayan Asia PDF
Preview International Conflict over Water Resources in Himalayan Asia
October18,2012 7:41 MAC/WIRSI Page-274 9780230237834_11_ind01 CriticalStudiesoftheAsiaPacificSeries SeriesEditor:MarkBeeson,WinthropProfessorofPoliticalScienceandInternational StudiesattheUniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,Australia Critical Studies of the Asia Pacific showcases new research and scholarship on what isarguablythemostimportantregionintheworldinthetwenty-firstcentury. The riseofChinaandthecontinuingstrategicimportanceofthisdynamiceconomicarea to the United States mean that the Asia Pacific will remain crucially important to policymakersandscholarsalike.Theunifyingthemeoftheseriesisadesiretopublish the best theoretically informed, original research on the region. Titles in the series cover the politics, economics and security of the region, as well as focussing on its institutionalprocesses,individualcountries,issuesandleaders. Titlesinclude: StephenAris EURASIANREGIONALISM TheShanghaiCooperationOrganisation TobyCarroll DELUSIONSOFDEVELOPMENT TheWorldBankandthePost-WashingtonConsensusinSoutheastAsia AurelCroissantandMarcoBunte(editors) THECRISISOFDEMOCRATICGOVERNANCEINSOUTHEASTASIA ShaharHameiri REGULATINGSTATEHOOD StateBuildingandtheTransformationoftheGlobalOrder LeeJones ASEAN,SOVEREIGNTYANDINTERVENTIONINSOUTHEASTASIA HiroKatsumata ASEAN’SCOOPERATIVESECURITYENTERPRISE NormsandInterestsintheASEANRegionalForum JikonLai FINANCIALCRISISANDINSTITUTIONALCHANGEINEASTASIA ErikPaul OBSTACLESTODEMOCRATIZATIONINSOUTHEASTASIA AStudyoftheNation-State,RegionalandGlobalOrder JoelRathus JAPAN,CHINAANDNETWORKEDREGIONALISMINEASTASIA WilliamTowandRikkiKersten(editors) BILATERALPERSPECTIVESONREGIONALSECURITY Australia,JapanandtheAsia-PacificRegion BarryWain MALAYSIANMAVERICK MahathirMohamadinTurbulentTimes October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-i 9780230237834_01_prexiv MikaelWeissmann THEEASTASIANPEACE ConflictPreventionandInformalPeacebuilding RobertG.WirsingandEhsanAhrari(editors) FIXINGFRACTUREDNATIONS TheChallengeofEthnicSeparatismintheAsia-Pacific RobertG.Wirsing,DanielC.StollandChristopherJasparro INTERNATIONALCONFLICTOVERWATERRESOURCESINHIMALAYANASIA CriticalStudiesoftheAsiaPacificSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–22896–2(Hardback) 978–0–230–22897–9(Paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastanding order.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddress belowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNsquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-ii 9780230237834_01_prexiv International Conflict over Water Resources in Himalayan Asia Robert G. Wirsing Professor,SchoolofForeignServiceinQatar,GeorgetownUniversity,StateofQatar Daniel C. Stoll AssociateDeanforAcademicAffairs,SchoolofForeignServiceinQatar,Georgetown University,StateofQatar Christopher Jasparro AssociateProfessor,USNavalWarCollege,RhodeIsland,USA October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-iii 9780230237834_01_prexiv ©RobertG.Wirsing,DanielC.Stoll,andChristopherJasparro2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-23783-4 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-31522-2 ISBN 978-1-137-29219-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137292193 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Contents ListofIllustrations viii PrefaceandAcknowledgments x AbouttheAuthors xii Part I FundamentalsofRiverRivalryinHimalayanAsia 1 WaterInsecurityinHimalayanAsia 3 Thecrisisoverfreshwaterresources 3 HimalayanAsia:Geographicscopeofthestudy 5 Theargument 8 HimalayanAsia’sfreshwatercrisis:Overview 13 Organizationofthebook 17 2 ChallengeofClimateChangeinHimalayanAsia 19 Whatdoesachangingclimateportendforregionalwater geopolitics? 19 AssessingclimatechangeandfreshwaterinAsia 19 Glaciers:ImpactonAsianfreshwatersuppliesofdeglaciationin theHimalayan–TibetanPlateauregion 22 Glacialrecessionandeffectsonwateravailability 27 Glaciallakeoutburstfloods 28 Glaciersandclimatechange 29 Floodsanddrought:Toomuchwaterortoolittle? 30 Sea-levelriseandsinkingdeltas 33 Whatdoesitallmean? 37 Part II SourcesofTransboundaryRiverDisputes 3 DammingtheRivers–I:TheIrrigationImperative 45 Negotiatingwatershares:Theproblemoffoodsecurity 45 India,Pakistan,andtheIndusbasin:Dividingthespoilsofwar 46 IndusWatersTreaty:Partition’sriverlegacy 47 Indusbasin:Food(in)securityandtheirrigationimperative 54 India,Bangladesh,andtheGBMbasin:Leveraginginequality 63 AbarrageontheGanges:FeudovertheFarakka 64 DammingtheTeesta:Acollisionofambitions 75 Thebilateralapproachtowatersharing 79 v October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-v 9780230237834_01_prexiv vi Contents 4 DammingtheRivers–II:TheEnergyImperative 83 Thequestforhydroelectricpower 83 HydropowerandIndia’senergysecurity 85 India,Pakistan,andthehydropowerresourcesofKashmir 88 Kashmir:TheIndusrunsthroughit 88 DammingtheChenab–TheBaglihardispute 92 DammingtheJhelum–TheKishengangadispute 95 Hydropowerpolitics:LastritesfortheIndusWatersTreaty? 98 China,India,andthehydropowerresourcesofthe Brahmaputrabasin 100 China,SoutheastAsia,andthehydropowerresourcesofthe greaterMekongbasin 104 Makingwayforthehydrohegemon 108 5 DammingtheRivers–III:TheDiversion Imperative 113 Megaschemesforrelievingwaterscarcity:Onthewaytomega rivalry? 113 China,India,andtheBrahmaputrabasin:Diversiononthe drawingboard 114 TappingtheTibetanfreshwatertower:Aconvergenceof divergence? 118 BangladeshandthevanishingBrahmaputra:Inthemiddleof megaschemes? 125 Part III AlternativestoWaterConflict 6 CooperativeRiverBasinManagement 133 Theregionalmultistatesolution:IsAsiareadyforintegrated rivergovernance? 133 UNconventiononthelawofnon-navigationalusesof internationalwatercourses 134 MiddleEastriversystems 138 Euphrates–Tigrisriverbasin 138 Nileriverbasin 146 Jordanriverbasin 162 Summary 170 7 WaterTechnologyInnovation 173 Isthereatechnology“fasttrack”towatersecurity? 173 Desalinationofseawater:Fromsalttoshiningsea 173 Irrigation:Water-savingtechnologiesinagriculture 183 Additionaltechnologicalfoodforthought 189 Wastewaterrecycling:Cangreywaterhelp“green”Himalayan Asia? 189 October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-vi 9780230237834_01_prexiv Contents vii Rainwaterharvesting 193 Backtothefuture:Rediscoveringancientwatertechnologies 195 Part IV TheFutureofHimalayanAsia’sRivers 8 Conclusion:SwimmingagainsttheTide 203 Waterwarsorpacificwatersahead? 203 Perilsonthepathtowatercooperation 204 Toolsforchange 206 Theriseofresourcenationalism 208 Therevengeofgeography:Theenduringcurseofgeopolitics 210 Theurgencyofregionalcooperation 212 Notes 214 Index 260 October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-vii 9780230237834_01_prexiv Illustrations Tables 1.1 MajorRiversoftheGreaterHimalayas–TibetanPlateau Region 7 1.2 PopulationandWaterResources:TotalRenewablePerCapita (Actual)(m3/inhab/yr) 15 3.1 TopTenIrrigatedCountriesintheWorld(2003–2009) 54 3.2 FoodInsecurePopulationinPakistan,2009 56 3.3 TopCountriesintheWorldinTotalRenewableFreshwater Resources(km3/year) 67 4.1 India’sPowerSector–TotalInstalledCapacity(ason31July 2010) 86 4.2 China’sPowerSector–TotalEnergyConsumptionbyType, 2008 101 4.3 WaterResourceDistributionintheMekongRiverBasin 105 4.4 WaterAvailabilityintheLowerMekongRiverBasin,2004 106 6.1 WaterUseinAgricultureinJordanBasinCountries 164 7.1 World’sTopTenUsersofSprinklerandMicroIrrigation (inDescendingOrderofTotalSprinklerandMicroIrrigated Area) 187 Figure 1.1 WaterStressandScarcityDefinitions 16 Maps 1.1 MajorRiversofHimalayanAsia 6 2.1 GlacialLakeGrowthinBhutan 26 3.1 IndusRiverBasin 48 3.2 GBMBasin 64 3.3 GangesRiverandtheFarakkaBarrage 65 3.4 TransboundaryRiversofBangladesh 68 3.5 India’sTeestaBarrageProject 78 4.1 Baglihar,Kishenganga,andNeelumJhelumHydroelectric Projects 93 5.1 China’sSouth–NorthWaterDiversionProject(SNWDP) 116 viii October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-viii 9780230237834_01_prexiv ListofIllustrations ix 5.2 India’sRiverLinkingProject(RLP) 117 5.3 ProposedGrand(orMajor)WesternCanalonBrahmaputra 124 6.1 Euphrates–TigrisRiverBasin 138 6.2 NileRiverBasin 147 6.3 JordanRiverBasin 163 October18,2012 17:39 MAC/WIRSI Page-ix 9780230237834_01_prexiv
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