International Agricultural Research and Human Nutrition edited by Per Pinstrup-Andersen Alan ...

329 Pages·2010·5.53 MB·English

International Agricultural Research
and Human Nutrition
edited by Per Pinstrup-Andersen
Alan Berg
Martin Forman
International Food Policy Research Institute
Washington, D.C.
UN Administrative Committee on Co-ordination/
Sub-Commiftee on Nutrition
Rome
!
I
Published in 1984 by the

International Food Policy Research Institute

1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20036

U.S.A.

Library of Congress Cataloging inPublication Data

Main entry under title:

International agricultural research and human nutrition.

Bibliography: p. 299

1. Agriculture--Research--Congresses.

2. Nutrition--Congresses. 3. Agriculture--Research--

International cooperation--Congresses. 4. Nutrition-­
Research--International cooperation--Congresses.

I. Pinstrup-Andersen, Per. II. Berg, Alan D.

III. Forman, Martin, 1925- . IV. United Nations.
f" inistrative Committee on Coordination. Sub­
ittee on Nutrition. V. International Food Policy

.fl,
Research Institute.

S539.7.158 1984 630'.72 84-22485

ISBN 0-89629-303-3

c/
Contents
FOREWORD
xi

CONTRIBUTORS
xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xv

OVERVIEW
xvii

1. INTRODUCTION
1

2. SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3

3. INCORPORATING NUTRITIONAL GOALS INTO THE DESIGN OF

INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH--AN OVERVIEW 13

Per Pinstrup-Andersen

4. NUTRITIONAL OBJECTIVES INAGRICULTURAL RESEARCH--

THE CASE OF CIAT 25

Douglas H. Pachico

5. NUTRITION INAGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AT CIMMYT 41

Robert Tripp

6. THE INCORPORATION OF NUTRITIONAL GOALS INTO THE

RESEARCH DESIGN OF CIP
57

Josh Valle-Riestra
7. THE FUNCTION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES INTHE

IMPROVEMENT OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY, WITH EMPHASIS

ON ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY IBPGR 71

Gurubasavappa Shivashankar

8. NUTRITIONAL DIMENSIONS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AT

ICARDA 81

Kutlu Somel

9. ICRISAT RESEARCH AND HUMAN NUTRITION 91

N. S. Jodha

10. NUTRITION-RELATED FOOD POLICY RESEARCH AT IFPRI 113

Per Pinstrup-Andersen

11. NUTRITION INTHE RESEARCH AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES

OF IITA 125

Bede N. Okigbo and Peter Ay

12. INCORPORATING NUTRITIONAL GOALS INTO INTERNATIONAL

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH--AN ILCA PERSPECTIVE 141

Guido Gryseels and Irene T. Whalen

13. ILRAD'S RESEARCH PROGRAM--ITS RELEVANCE TO IMPROVED

HUMAN NUTRITION 153

,J.J . Doyle

14. CONTRIBUTIONS OF MODERN RICE VARIETIES TO NUTRITION

INASIA--AN IRRI PERSPECTIVE 157

J. C. Flinn and L. J. Unnevehr

15. INCORPORPT!NG NUTRITIONAL GOALS INTO THE DESIGN OF

INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: THE ROLE OF

ISNAR 179

International Service for National Agricultural

Research

vi
16. NtrRITIONAL GOALS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE AVRDC
REARCH PROGRAM 187
Sson C. S. Tsou and Jack Gershon
17. THE EFFECS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH CXTERS ON HUMAN NUTRITION--CATALOG AND
COMMENTARY
199
James G. R n
DISCUSSION
221
Kutlu Somel
18. INCORPORATING NUTRITIONACONCERNS INTO THE
ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMODITyPRIORITIES IN
INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL.,RESEARCH 225
Eugenia Muchnik de Rubingtein
DISCUSSION
241
Prasarn Trairitvorakul
DISCUSSION
243
N. S. Jodha
19. INCORPORATING NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS INTO THE
SPECIFICATION OF DESIRED CHANGES IN COMMODITY
CHARACTERISTICS IN INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH
245
Ricardo Bressani
DISCUSSION
263
Doris Howes Calloway
20. INCORPORATING NUTRITIONAL CONCERNS INTO THE
SPECIFICATION OF DESIRED TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS
IN INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 265
Omawale
vii
DISCUSSION: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE PLANNING--
A STRATEGY TO ERADICATE MALNUTRITION? 276
Najwa Makhoul
DISCUSSION 280
Guido Gryseels
21. PRODUCTION RESEARCH AT THE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH CENTERS AND NUTRITIONAL GOALS 283
R(.ert Tripp
PARTICIPANTS AND OBSERVERS 295
BIBLIOGRAnHY 299
viii
Tables
9.1--Summary of ICRISAT research directed toward under­
standing of issues and problems related to human

nutritior

99

9.2--Summary of ICRISAT research directed toward under­
standing the nutritional quality of mandate crops
106

9.3--Allocation of resources to
various research

programs at ICRISAT, 1980-82
108

9.4--Distribution of ICRISAT research projects among

various crops, by principal objectives, 1975-82 110

11.1--Tuber- and leaf-preparation quality of seven high­
yielding varieties of cassava grown in Zaire,

1979-80

131

11.2--Improved crop varieties produced at
IITA and the

extent of their adoption in several countries 136

12.1--Land area and human rural population by ecological

zone iniSub-Saharan Africa
144

12.2--Ruminant livestock population, by species
and eco­
logical zone, in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1979
145

14.1--Estimated population and rice hectarage in c
oun­
tries of the world where rice is the major food,

1980

158

14.2--Per capita daily consumption of calories and pro­
teins for households of different income levels in

Indonesia, India, Philippines, and Sri Lanka
160

14.3--Past and projected balance of IRRI
senior scienti­
fic staff efforts aimed at major rice-growing

environments, compared with anticipated economic

returns from production increases at each area
162

14.4--Estimated own-price and income elasticities for

rice by income group for Indonesia and the

Philippines

175

ix
14.5--Rice consumption and expenditures on food, by

income group, in the Philippines, 1970-76, and

Indonesia, 1976
176

14.6--Price effect on rice consumption by the poor
176

16.1--Desired quality characteristics of crops being

studied by AVRDC
190

16.2--AVRDC screening methods for evaluation of quality 191

16.3--Primary emphases of the genetic resources develop­
ment programs of AVRDC 192

19.1--General activities of the IARCs that have nutri­
tional purposes
251

19.2--Activities associated with consumption patterns and

diets
253

19.3--Harvest, storage, marketing, and distribution 254

19.4--Effects of processing on nutrient content and use 255

19.5--Production-related aspects
256

19.6--Low digestibility of the protein in common beans 261

20.1--Selected elements of the mandates of international

agricultural research institutes 273

x
Foreword
The alleviating of absolute poverty and related ills, such as

insufficient food intake and malnutrition, is one of the most impor­
tant tasks facing mankind. Agricultural research and technological

change are
of prime importance in efforts to expand food production,

generate economic growth, and
reduce poverty. They are also important

in efforts to alleviate hunger and malnutrition. A better under­
standing of the complex interaction between agricultural research and

human nutrition
as provided by this book is likely to facilitate

explicit consideration of nutritional goals in the design of future

agricultural research and related public policies.

As will be seen frim this collection of papers, the international

agricultural research centers
(IARCs) are undertaking a series of

activities directed toward a better understanding of the way both

international and national agricultural research can effectively

assist in the alleviation of malnutrition. A discussion of these
aLtivities led to a set of recommendati s for further action. We
strongly support these recommendations and note that they are part of
a position paper now being developed by the directors of the inter­
natiotnal agricultural research centers supported by the Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Resedrch (CGIAR). We also urge
national agricultural research institutions to consider these recom­
mendations.

This book presents a great deal of information about t-ie work by

and the accomplishments of the IARCs supported by or associted
vith

the CGIAR and provides many illustrations of the way nutritional goal,

can be incorporated into the design and planning of agricultural

research, whether it is undertaken by local, national, or inter­
national institutions.

John Mellor
Moises Mensah

Director, IFPRI Chairman, ACC/SCN

Washington, D.C.
Assistant President, IFAD

September 1984
Rome

September 1984

xi
Contributors
Peter Ay, socioeconomist, Farming Systems Program, International

Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria

Alan Berg, senior nutrition advisor, World Bank, Washington, D.C.,

U.S.A.

Ricardo Bressani, head, Division of Food Sciences and Research Coordi­
nator, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama,

Guatemala City, Guatemala
Doris Howes Calloway, professor of nutrition, University of
California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
J. J. Doyle, director of research, International Laboratory for
Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
J. C. Flinn, agricultural economist, International Rice Research

Institute (IRRI), Los Bai os, Philippines

Martin Forman, director, Office of Nutrition, Science and Technology

Bureau, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington,

D.C., U.S.A.

Jack Gershon, nutritionist, Asian Vegetable Research and Development

Center (AVRDC), Shanhua, Taiwan

Guido Gryseels, personal assistant to the director general, Inter­
national Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia

N. S. Jodha, senior economist, International Crops Research Institute

for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India

Najwa Makhoul, visiting research associate, Harvard University,

Cambridge, U.S.A., and director, Jerusalem Institute for the

Study of Society, Jerusalem, Israel

Bede N. Okigbo, deputy director general, International Institute of

Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria

Omawale, executive director, Develooment and Research Consultancy

Ltd., Kingston, Jamaica

xiii