Internal Security in India: Violence, Order, and the State PDF
Preview Internal Security in India: Violence, Order, and the State
Internal Security in India MODERN SOUTH ASIA Ashutosh Varshney, Series Editor Pradeep Chhibber, Associate Series Editor Editorial Board Kaushik Basu (Cornell) Sarah Besky (Cornell) Jennifer Bussell (Berkeley) Veena Das (Johns Hopkins) Patrick Heller (Brown) Niraja Gopal Jayal (Jawaharlal Nehru University) Devesh Kapur (Johns Hopkins) Atul Kohli (Princeton) Pratap Bhanu Mehta (Ashoka University) Shandana Khan Mohmand (University of Sussex) Ashley Tellis (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) Steven Wilkinson (Yale) The Other One Percent Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh Social Justice through Inclusion Francesca R. Jensenius Dispossession without Development Michael Levien The Man Who Remade India Vinay Sitapati Business and Politics in India Edited by Christophe Jaffrelot, Atul Kohli, and Kanta Murali Clients and Constituents Jennifer Bussell Gambling with Violence Yelena Biberman Mobilizing the Marginalized Amit Ahuja The Absent Dialogue Anit Mukherjee When Nehru Looked East Francine Frankel Capable Women, Incapable States Poulami Roychowdhury Farewell to Arms Rumela Sen Negotiating Democracy and Religious Pluralism Karen Barkey, Sudipta Kaviraj, and Vatsal Naresh Cultivating Democracy Mukulika Banerjee Patching Development Rajesh Veeraraghavan The Difficult Politics of Peace Christopher Clary The Migration-Development Regime Rina Agarwala Making Meritocracy Edited by Tarun Khanna and Michael Szonyi Access to Power Ijlal Naqvi Capacity beyond Coercion Susan L. Ostermann Internal Security in India Edited by Amit Ahuja and Devesh Kapur Internal Security in India Violence, Order, and the State EDITED BY AMIT AHUJA and DEVESH KAPUR Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2023 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ahuja, Amit and Kapur, Devesh, editor. Title: Internal security in India : violence, order, and the state / edited by Amit Ahuja and Devesh Kapur. Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2023] | Series: Modern South Asia series | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2022029942 (print) | LCCN 2022029943 (ebook) | ISBN 9780197660348 (paperback) | ISBN 9780197660331 (hardback) | ISBN 9780197660362 (epub) | ISBN 9780197660355 | ISBN 9780197660379 Subjects: LCSH: Internal security—India. Classification: LCC HV 6295.I4 I55 2023 (print) | LCC HV 6295.I4 (ebook) | DDC 363.320954—dc23/eng/20220909 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029942 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029943 DOI: 10.1093/ oso/ 9780197660331.001.0001 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Paperback printed by Marquis, Canada Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America CONTENTS List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations and Acronyms xiii Contributors xix 1. The State and Internal Security in India 1 Amit Ahuja and Devesh Kapur PART I: INTERNAL SECURITY: THE LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL, AND FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK 2. Internal Security and India’s Constitution 61 Raeesa Vakil 3. The Persistence of the AFSPA 89 Anubha Bhonsle 4. Role of the MHA in Internal Security 110 Shakti Sinha 5. Public Finances of Internal Security in India 135 Nirvikar Singh vi Contents PART II: INTERNAL SECURITY: DOCTRINE AND STRATEGY 6. India’s Internal Security in Comparative Perspective 161 Paul Staniland 7. India’s Internal Security Doctrine in Practice 176 Sushant Singh PART III: INTERNAL SECURITY: THE STATE’S COERCIVE CAPACITY 8. The Military in Internal Security 195 Amit Ahuja and Srinath Raghavan 9. Role of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) in India 219 Yashovardhan Azad 10. The Indian Police: Managing Dilemmas of Internal Security 240 Akshay Mangla 11. Riots and Rapid Action: The Special Wing of the Central Reserve Police 260 Nirvikar Jassal and Hanif Qureshi 12. Protective Labor and Its Correlates: A Statistical Portrait 282 Paaritosh Nath and Arjun Jayadev 13. India’s Intelligence in Internal Security 305 Saikat Datta PART IV: INTERNAL SECURITY: INTRA- ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES WITHIN THE SECURITY PROVIDERS 14. Included but Not Equal? Debating Gender and Labor Reforms within the Border Security Force 331 Sahana Ghosh 15. Security Labor and State Suppression of Police Worker Politics 351 Beatrice Jauregui Index 373 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Trends in homicide rates: India vs. World 11 1.2 Insurgencies: North East, 1999– 2019 12 1.3 Insurgencies: Jammu and Kashmir, 1988– 2019 13 1.4 Insurgencies: Left Wing Extremism, 1999– 2019 14 1.5 Hindu- Muslim communal violence, 1950– 1995 15 1.6 Communal violence, 1996– 2019 15 1.7 Riots, 1953– 2019 16 1.8 Protests in India, 2004– 2016 17 1.9 Labor disputes (strikes + lockouts) 18 1.10 Person- days lost in labor disputes (thousands) 19 1.11 Security force fatalities over time 22 1.12 Security force fatalities, normalized by population 24 1.13 Law and order, public order, and security of the state 25 1.14 Personnel strength of CAPF as a percentage of army and civil police, 1998 and 2015 29 1.15 Cases in connection with custodial deaths, 1999– 2019 43 5.1 Per capita NSDP and police expenditure (Rs.), 2017– 2018 143 5.2 Annual police expenditure in Punjab (Rs. crore), 1990– 1991 to 2017– 2018 145 5.3 Annual police expenditure in Punjab as a percentage of development expenditure, 1990– 1991 to 2017– 2018 145 5.4 Modernization as a percentage of police expenditure, 2017– 2018 146 5.5 Training as a percentage of police expenditure, 2017– 2018 146 5.6 Per capita police expenditure and violent crime, 2017– 2018 149 8.1 Share of army’s internal security fatalities among total conflict fatalities, 1947– 1990 and 1991– 2018 196 10.1 Police- to- population ratio across Indian states (per 1,000 persons) 251 10.2 Rank- wise distribution of state police forces 253 vii viii LIST OF FIGURES 10.3 Proportion of women in the Indian police force 255 11.1 Organizational structure of Rapid Action Force (under CRPF) 263 11.2 The locations and count of riots, 2016– 2019 267 11.3 Casualties, by state, from riot- like events in the ACLED database 268 11.4 Deployment of RAF for riot control, 1992– 2018 269 11.5 Security force deployments to quell the 2016 Jat Uprising in Haryana 273 12.1 Private security as a percentage of the population, lower- middle- income countries, 2015 283 12.2a CAGR of public and private security workers in India 286 12.2b Absolute size of those engaged as security workers in India, 1993– 1994 to 2017– 2018 (in millions) 287 12.3 Distribution of security workers across major industrial groups (NIC 2008 2- digit), 2017– 2018 (in %) 289 12.4 Share of security workers employed in the public sector by NCO subgroups, 2017– 2018 (in %) 289 12.5 Share of workers employed in the public sector by occupation groups, 2017– 2018 (in %) 290 12.6 Share of security workers employed in the private sector in major metropolitan areas, 2017– 2018 (in %) 291 12.7 Distribution of security workers by sex and sector, 1993– 1994 and 2017– 2018 (in %) 291 12.8 Number of health and educational professionals to every security worker, various years 295 12.9 Distribution of security workers by social group, 2017– 2018 (in %) 297 12.10 Correlating share of security workers in a state’s workforce with the state- wise urbanization rate (in %) 300 12.A1 Age- wise distribution of workers employed as security workers, 1993– 1994 and 2017– 2018 (in %) 302 12.A2 Distribution of security workers by NCO subgroups and general education status, 2017– 2018 (in %) 302 13.1 IB organizational structure 306 LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Deaths in insurgencies (1999– 2019) 14 5.1 Central government spending on police by category (in %) 138 5.2 Police expenditure as a percentage of different expenditure categories 142 11.1 RAF vs. CRPF: Ranks and command structure 264 12.1 Absolute number of persons (in thousands) employed as security workers by sex and their share in the overall workforce, various years 287 12.2 Composition of those employed as security workers, NCO- 68 and NCO- 04 (in %) 288 12.3 State- wise landscape of security work in India, 2017– 2018 292 12.4 Characteristics of the average security worker, 2017– 2018 296 12.5 Average monthly earnings of security workers by sex and occupation subgroup, 2017– 2018 298 12.6 Shift in share between 2004– 2005 and 2017– 2018 298 ix
The list of books you might like
