Internal Conversion Processes

645 Pages·1966·14.101 MB·English

by  Joseph Hamilton (Eds.)

INTERNAL CONVERSION
PROCESSES
Including the Proceedings of the International Conference on the Internal
Conversion Process, May 10-13, 1965, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee
EDITED BY
Joseph H. Hamilton
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
1966
ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London
COPYRIGHT © 1966, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM,
BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT
WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS.
ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
111 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
Berkeley Square House, London W.l
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 65-27743
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions
begin.
R. G. ALBRIDGE, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nash­
ville, Tennessee (271)
PETER ALEXANDER, Physics Department, Brookhaven National Labora­
tory, Upton, Long Island, New York (321)
AGDA ARTNA, Nuclear Data Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee (303)
D. ASHERY, Department of Nuclear Physics, The Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovoth, Israel (263)
I. M. BAND, Physical-Technical Institute, Leningrad, U.S.S.R, (589, 603)
ALBERT A. BARTLETT, Nobel Institute of Physics, Stockholm, Sweden
(141)
(On leave from University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado)
KARL-ERIK BERGKVIST, Research Institute for Physics, Stockholm,
Sweden (107)
CHANDER P. BHALLA, Department of Physics and Research Institute,
University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama (373)
A. E. BLAUGRUND, Department of Nuclear Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovoth, Israel (263)
M. BOGDANOVIC, Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade,
Yugoslavia (507)
H. R. BOWMAN, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (423)
H. W. BOYD, Physics Department, West Georgia College, Carrollton,
Georgia (277)
C. H. BRADEN, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia (495)
S. M. BRAHMAVAR, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwar,
India (225)
(Present address: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee)
vi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
W. H. BRANTLEY, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nash­
ville, Tennessee (297, 535, 541, 616)
D. R. BRUNDRIT, Allen Physics Laboratory, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Canada (201)
C. 0. CARROLL, Nuclear Chicago Corporation, Des Plaines, Illinois (333)
J. A. COOPER, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (555)
W. L. CROFT, Department of Physics, Mississippi State University, State
College, Mississippi (479)
H. DANIEL, Max-Planck Institut fur Kemphysik, Heidelberg, Germany (399)
BERNHARD DEUTCH, Institute of Physics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus,
Denmark (459, 613)
I. O. DUROSINMI-ETTI, Allen Physics Laboratory, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Canada (201)
G. W. EAKINS, Institute for Atomic Research and Department of Physics,
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (183)
H. EjIRI, Institute for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
(197)
PETER ERMAN, Research Institute for Physics, Stockholm, Sweden (249)
G. T. EWAN, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Atomic Energy of Canada
Limited, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (515)
W. B. EWBANK, Nuclear Data Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee (523)
A. FAESSLER, Nuclear Research Building, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, Florida (361)
(On leave from University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany)
F. FALK, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden (433).
A. P. FERESIN, Physics Institute, Leningrad State University, Leningrad,
U.S.S.R. (581)
JOHN FEUERBACHER, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee (155)
R. B. FRANKEL, National Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
(Present address: Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University, Oxford,
England)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii
M. FRIEDMAN, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl­
vania (327)
J. S. GEIGER, Physics Division, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., Chalk
River, Ontario, Canada (379)
T. R. GERHOLM, Institute of Physics, University of Stockholm, Stockholm,
Sweden (57, 295, 473)
R. HAGER, Physics Department, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California (309, 315)
S. HAGSTRÔM, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden (644)
J. H. HAMILTON, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt Uni­
versity, Nashville, Tennessee (1, 155, 193, 253, 257, 277, 297, 479,
485, 535, 541, 567, 603, 616, 642)
Ε. N. HATCH, Institute for Atomic Research and Department of Physics,
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (183)
S. K. HAYNES, Department of Physics, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan (393)
R. J. HERICKHOFF, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nash­
ville, Tennessee (277)
C. J. HERRLANDER, Research Institute for Physics, Stockholm, Sweden
(515)
Jo M. HOLLANDER, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of Cali­
fornia, Berkeley, California (89, 555)
LENNART HOLMBERG, Institute of Physics, University of Stockholm,
Stockholm, Sweden (295, 473)
POUL HORNSHjOj, Institute of Physics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus,
Denmark (459, 613)
SOLVE HULTBERG, Research Institute for Physics, Stockholm, Sweden
(125, 141, 249)
P. JAHN, Max-Planck Institut fur Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
(399)
J. F. W. JANSEN, Instituut voor Kernphysisch Onderzoek, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands (237, 257)
S. JHA, Physics Department, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pitts­
burgh, Pennsylvania (327)
viii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
N. R. JOHNSON, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
(193)
R. KALISH, Department of Nuclear Physics, The Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovoth, Israel (263)
JOHN W. KANE, JR., Department of Physics, University of Alabama, Uni­
versity, Alabama (419)
T. KATOH, Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Indiana (297)
(On leave from Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan)
L. S. KlSSLINGER, Physics Department, Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, Ohio (285)
M. KUNTZE, Max-Planck Institut fur Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
(399)
Wo Ho Go LEWIN, Reactor Instituut Delft, Delft, The Netherlands (163, 566)
Me A, LlSTENGARTEN, Physical-Technical Institute, Leningrad, U.S.S.R,
(581, 589, 603)
R. J. LOMBARD, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Département de
Physique Nucléaire, Orsay (S. et 0.), France (367)
Ro Eo MCADAMS, Institute for Atomic Research and Department of Phys­
ics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (183)
J. MARANON, Department of Physics, University of La Plata, La Plata,
Argentina (405)
A. MIRANDA, Institute of Physics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Den­
mark (613)
Mo MLADJENOVIC, Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Science, Belgrade,
Yugoslavia (507)
J. MORAGUES, Espectroscopia Nuclear, Comision Nacional de Energia
Atomica, Buenos Aires, Argentina (159)
A. MUKERJI, Physics Department, University of Alabama, University,
Alabama (419)
G. C. NELSON, Institute for Atomic Research and Department of Physics,
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (183)
C. NORDLING, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden (644)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XX
T. NOVAKOV, Institute of Nuclear Science, Belgrade, Yugoslavia (497)
(On leave to Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California)
R, F. O'CONNELL, Department of Physics, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana (333)
R. H. OTHAZ, Department of Physics, University of La Plata, La Plata,
Argentina (.405)
S. C PANCHOLI, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nash­
ville, Tennessee (535)
(On leave from University of Delhi, Delhi, India)
D. R. PARSIGNAULT, Physics Department, California Institute of Tech­
nology, Pasadena, California (173)
(On leave from C.E.N., Saclay, France)
B. PATNIAK, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania (327)
Ε. T. PATRONIS, JR., School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Georgia (495)
B.-G. PETTERSSON, Institute of Physics, University of Stockholm, Stock­
holm, Sweden (57, 295, 473, 479)
J. J. PlNAJIAN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
(193)
JOHN L. POWER, NASA-Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio (327)
K. G. PRASAD, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India
(549)
M. K. RAMASWAMY, Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Colum­
bus, Ohio (225)
(On leave from Karnatak University, Dharwar, India)
Α. V. RAMAYYA, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nash­
ville, Tennessee (193, 541, 616)
Β. N. SUBBA RAO, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay,
India (415, 417)
J. O. RASMUSSEN, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of Califor­
nia, Berkeley, California (423, 555, 574)
PILAR REYES-SUTER, Espectroscopia Nuclear, Comision Nacional de
Energia Atomica, Buenos Aires, Argentina (159)
χ LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
M. Eo ROSE, Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottes­
ville, Virginia (15, 564, 616)
H. RYDE, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California (321)
(On leave from Research Institute of Physics, Stockholm, Sweden)
MlTSUO SAKAI, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (197)
(On leave from Institute for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan)
W. SCHEUER, Espectroscopia Nuclear, Comision Nacional de Energia
Atomica, Buenos Aires, Argentina (159)
E. SELTZER, Physics Department, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California (309, 315, 321)
S. K. SEN, Allen Physics Laboratory, University of Manitoba, Winnepeg,
Manitoba, Canada (201)
R. P. SHARMA, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India
(549)
D. A. SHIRLEY, Department of Chemistry and Lawrence Radiation Labo­
ratory, University of California, Berkeley, California (489)
K. SlEGBAHN, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden (644)
L. A. SLIV, Physical-Technical Institute, Leningrad, U.S.S.R. (589)
H. SNELLMAN, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden (433)
G. SPANNAGEL, Max-Planck Institut fur Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Ger­
many (399)
P. H. STELSON, Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee (213)
R. STEPIC, Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Yugo­
slavia (507)
N. J. STONE, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (489)
(Present address: Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford University,
Oxford, England)
TITO SUTER, Espectroscopia Nuclear, Comision Nacional de Energia
Atomica, Buenos Aires, Argentina (159)
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xi
S. G. THOMPSON, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of Cali­
fornia, Berkeley, California (423)
Β. V. THOSAR, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India
(549, 565)
J. E. THUN, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden (433)
S. TÔRNKVIST, Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala,
Sweden (433)
B. VAN NOOIJEN, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nash­
ville, Tennessee (35, 193, 541, 642)
(On leave from the Technological University of Delft, Delft, The
Netherlands)
LIBOR J. VELINSKY, Department of Physics, Oakland University, Roch­
ester, Michigan (393)
(On leave from Albion College, Albion, Michigan)
M, A. VELINSKY, Michigan State University, East Lansing and Albion
College, Albion, Michigan (393)
H, VlGNAU, Department of Physics, University of La Plata, La Plata,
Argentina (405, 433)
Mo E. VOIKHANSKY, Physics Institute, Leningrad State University, Lenin­
grad, U.S.S.R. (581)
A. H. WAPSTRA, Instituut voor Kernphysisch Onderzoek, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands (237)
R. L, WATSON, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (423)
L. D. WYLY, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,
Georgia (495)
T. YAMAZAKI, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, California (197, 445)
(On leave from Institute for Nuclear Studies, University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan)
M» J. ZENDER, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee (271)
Ε» F. ZGANJAR, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee (155, 253, 257, 297, 485, 603)
Preface
In the last few years, the experimental techniques for performing the
various types of measurements which involve internal conversion elec­
trons have developed rapidly. Iron-free, double-focusing spectrometers,
magnetic spectrometers for electron-gamma angular correlations, and very
recently developed solid-state electron and gamma-ray detectors, as
well as improvements in methods and procedures, have opened up many
possibilities for high-precision research and for routinely measuring
quantities which earlier were difficult or impossible to measure. These
possibilities have stimulated new interest in the internal conversion
process itself, and, moreover, have provided greater opportunities for in­
sight into the problems of nuclear structure. Particularly, improvements
have been made in the last two years in techniques for conversion coeffi­
cient measurements by the internal-external conversion method, coin­
cidence techniques, and solid-state detector systems. Many other new
experiments were prompted by the promise that by 1965 finite size cor­
rected theoretical calculations would be available not only of K- but
also of L-shell particle parameters. In the last two years several groups
have been busily engaged in detailed studies of L-subshell ratios both
for critical comparison with theory and for determination of spins, pari­
ties, and multipole mixing ratios.
Much of the recent work was just beginning two years ago when the
Warsaw Conference on the Role of Atomic Electrons in Nuclear Trans­
formations was held. Brief remarks concerning their preliminary work
and future plans were made by several groups at that Conference. In the
fall of 1964, it was thought that by the spring of 1965 the time should be
ripe for a Conference at which to report not only the new data that were
nearing completion but also the new experimental techniques that were
being developed.
The Conference was limited to internal conversion processes with the
feeling that it was time this topic received the full attention it deserved.
The quantity and quality of the papers presented, the number of partic­
ipants, and the discussions testify to the timeliness of the Conference.
Of course, in the minds of all those working in this field is the structure
of nuclei and what insights one can gain from internal conversion proc­
esses. It is most fitting that the Conference Proceedings have been
xiii