Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences

477 Pages·2015·10.07 MB·English

by  Colin R. Ferguson

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Internal
Combustion
Engines

Internal Combustion Engines
Applied Thermosciences
Third Edition
Colin R. Ferguson
Allan T. Kirkpatrick
MechanicalEngineeringDepartment
ColoradoStateUniversity,USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2016
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Ferguson,ColinR.
Internalcombustionengines:appliedthermosciences/ColinR.Ferguson,
AllanT.Kirkpatrick.--Thirdedition.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-53331-4(hardback)
1. Internalcombustionengines. 2. Thermodynamics. I. Ferguson,Colin,R.
II. Kirkpatrick,AllanT. III. Title.
TJ756.F47 2015
621.43--dc23
2015016357
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin10/12ptTimesLTStd-RomanbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
1 2016
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1. IntroductiontoInternalCombustionEngines 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 HistoricalBackground 4
1.3 EngineCycles 5
1.4 EnginePerformanceParameters 9
1.5 EngineConfigurations 16
1.6 ExamplesofInternalCombustionEngines 23
1.7 AlternativePowerPlants 26
1.8 References 29
1.9 Homework 30
2. HeatEngineCycles 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 ConstantVolumeHeatAddition 33
2.3 ConstantPressureHeatAddition 36
2.4 LimitedPressureCycle 37
2.5 MillerCycle 39
2.6 FiniteEnergyRelease 41
2.7 IdealFour-StrokeProcessandResidualFraction 54
2.8 DiscussionofGasCycleModels 62
2.9 References 63
2.10 Homework 64
3. Fuel,Air,andCombustionThermodynamics 66
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 ThermodynamicPropertiesofIdealGasMixtures 66
3.3 Liquid--Vapor--GasMixtures 72
3.4 Stoichiometry 76
3.5 Low-TemperatureCombustionModeling 79
3.6 GeneralChemicalEquilibrium 84
3.7 ChemicalEquilibriumusingEquilibriumConstants 89
3.8 References 94
3.9 Homework 94
4. Fuel--AirCombustionProcesses 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 CombustionandtheFirstLaw 97
v
vi Contents
4.3 MaximumWorkandtheSecondLaw 103
4.4 Fuel--AirOttoCycle 108
4.5 Four-StrokeFuel--AirOttoCycle 113
4.6 HomogeneousTwo-ZoneFiniteHeatReleaseCycle 116
4.7 ComparisonofFuel--AirCycleswithActualSparkIgnitionCycles 123
4.8 LimitedPressureFuel--AirCycle 125
4.9 ComparisonofLimitedPressureFuel--AirCycleswithActual
CompressionIgnitionCycles 128
4.10 References 129
4.11 Homework 129
5. IntakeandExhaustFlow 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 ValveFlow 131
5.3 IntakeandExhaustFlow 147
5.4 SuperchargersandTurbochargers 150
5.5 EffectofAmbientConditionsonEngineandCompressor
MassFlow 158
5.6 References 159
5.7 Homework 160
6. FuelandAirflowintheCylinder 163
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Carburetion 163
6.3 FuelInjection--SparkIgnition 166
6.4 FuelInjection--CompressionIgnition 168
6.5 Large-Scalein-CylinderFlow 174
6.6 In-CylinderTurbulence 180
6.7 AirflowinTwo-StrokeEngines 185
6.8 References 193
6.9 Homework 195
7. CombustionProcessesinEngines 197
7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 CombustioninSparkIgnitionEngines 198
7.3 AbnormalCombustion(Knock)inSparkIgnitionEngines 206
7.4 CombustioninCompressionIgnitionEngines 214
7.5 Low-TemperatureCombustion 225
7.6 References 229
7.7 Homework 231
8. Emissions 234
8.1 Introduction 234
8.2 NitrogenOxides 235
8.3 CarbonMonoxide 243
8.4 Hydrocarbons 245
8.5 Particulates 249
Contents vii
8.6 EmissionsRegulationandControl 251
8.7 References 258
8.8 Homework 259
9. Fuels 262
9.1 Introduction 262
9.2 HydrocarbonChemistry 263
9.3 Refining 266
9.4 FuelProperties 267
9.5 GasolineFuels 269
9.6 AlternativeFuelsforSparkIgnitionEngines 274
9.7 Hydrogen 281
9.8 DieselFuels 282
9.9 References 286
9.10 Homework 287
10. FrictionandLubrication 288
10.1 Introduction 288
10.2 FrictionCoefficient 288
10.3 FrictionMeanEffectivePressure 291
10.4 FrictionMeasurements 291
10.5 FrictionModeling 294
10.6 JournalBearingFriction 295
10.7 PistonandRingFriction 298
10.8 ValveTrainFriction 306
10.9 AccessoryFriction 308
10.10 PumpingMeanEffectivePressure 310
10.11 OverallEngineFrictionMeanEffectivePressure 311
10.12 Lubrication 312
10.13 References 315
10.14 Homework 316
11. HeatandMassTransfer 318
11.1 Introduction 318
11.2 EngineCoolingSystems 319
11.3 EngineEnergyBalance 320
11.4 CylinderHeatTransfer 324
11.5 HeatTransferModeling 326
11.6 HeatTransferCorrelations 330
11.7 HeatTransferintheExhaustSystem 338
11.8 RadiationHeatTransfer 339
11.9 MassLossorBlowby 340
11.10 References 342
11.11 Homework 344
12. EngineTestingandControl 346
12.1 Introduction 346
12.2 Instrumentation 347