INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

765 Pages·2017·6.336 MB·English

by  Ganesan

Contents i
IC Engines
Fourth Edition
ii Contents

About the Author
V. GANESAN currently working as Professor Emeritus in the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Madras, is the recipient of Anna University National
Award for Outstanding Academic for the Year 1997. He was the
Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, at Indian
Institute of Technology Madras between October 2000 and June
2002. He was also the Dean (Academic Research) at Indian Institute
of Technology Madras between January 1998 and October 2000.
He has so far published more than 350 research papers in national
and international journals and conferences and has guided 20 M.S. and 40 Ph.D.s.
Among other awards received by him are the Babcock Power Award for the best fundamental
scientific paper of Journal of Energy (1987), the Institution of Engineers Merit Prize and Citation
(1993), SVRCET Surat Prize (1995), Sri Rajendra Nath Mookerjee Memorial Medal (1996),
Automobile Engineer of the Year by the Institution of Automobile Engineers (India) (2001),
Institution of Engineers (India), Tamil Nadu Scientist Award (TANSA) – 2003 by Tamil Nadu
State Council for Science and Technology, ISTE Periyar Award for Best Engineering College
Teacher (2004), N K Iyengar Memorial Prize (2004) by Institution of Engineers (India), SVRCET
Surat Prize (2004), Khosla National Award (2004), Bharat Jyoti Award (2006), UWA Outstanding
Intellectuals of the 21st Century Award by United Writers Association, Chennai (2006), 2006 SAE
Cliff Garrett Turbomachinery Engineering Award by SAE International, USA, Sir Rajendra Nath
Mookerjee Memorial Prize (2006) by Institution of Engineers, Environmental Engineering Design
Award 2006 by The Institution of Engineers (India), 2006 SAE Cliff Garrett Turbomachinery
Engineering Award (2007), Excellence in Engineering Education (Triple “E”) Award by SAE
International, USA (2007), Rashtriya Gaurav Award in the field of Science and Technology by
India International Friendship Society (2012), and Best Citizens of India Award by International
Publishing House New Delhi (2012). He is the Fellow of Indian National Academy of Engineering,
National Environmental Science Academy, Fellow of SAE International, USA, and Institution of
Engineers (India). He has also been felicitated by International Combustion Institute Indian Section
for lifetime contribution in the field of I C engines and combustion.
Dr. Ganesan has authored several other books on Gas Turbines, Computer Simulation of Four-
Stroke Spark-Ignition Engines and Computer Simulation of Four-Stroke Compression-Ignition
Engines and has also edited several proceedings. He was formerly the Chairman of Combustion
Institute (Indian Section) and is currently the Chairman of Engineering Education Board of SAE
(India), besides being a member of many other professional societies.
Dr. Ganesan is actively engaged in a number of sponsored research projects and is a consultant
for various industries and R&D organizations.
Contents iii
IC Engines
Fourth Edition
V Ganesan
Professor Emeritus
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai
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R
DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED MOTHER
L. SEETHA AMMAL
FOREWORD
Focussing on the need of a first level text book for the undergraduates, post-
graduates and a professional reference book for practicing engineers, the au-
thor of this work Dr. V. Ganesan has brought forth this volume using his
extensive teaching and research experience in the field of internal combustion
engineering. It is a great pleasure to write a foreword to such a book which
satisfies a long-felt requirement.
Forselfishreasonsalone, Iwishthatthisbookwouldhavecomeoutmuch
earlier for the benefit of several teachers like me who have finished their in-
nings a long time ago. For me, this would have been just the required text
book for my young engineering students and engineers in the transportation
and power fields. The style of the book reflects the teaching culture of pre-
mierengineeringinstitutionslikeIITs,sinceavasttopichastobecoveredina
comprehensive way in a limited time. Each chapter is presented with elegant
simplicity requiring no special prerequisite knowledge of supporting subjects.
Self-explanatorysketches,graphs,lineschematicsofprocessesandtableshave
been generously used to curtail long and wordy explanations. Numerous il-
lustrated examples, exercises and problems at the end of each chapter serve
as a good source material to practice the application of the basic principles
presented in the text. SI system of units has been used throughout the book
which is not so readily available in the currently-used books.
It is not a simple task to bring out a comprehensive book on an all-
encompassing subject like internal combustion engines. Over a century has
elapsedsincethediscoveryofthedieselandgasolineengines. Excludingafew
developments of rotary combustion engines, the IC engines has still retained
its basic anatomy. As a descendent of the steam engine, it is still crystallized
into a standard piston-in-cylinder mechanism, reciprocating first in order to
rotate finally. The attendant kinematics requiring numerous moving parts
are still posing dynamic problems of vibration, friction losses and mechanical
noise. Empiricism has been the secret of its evolution in its yester years.
Asourknowledgeofengineprocesseshasincreased,theseengineshavecon-
tinuedtodeveloponascientificbasis. Thepresentdayengineshavetosatisfy
the strict environmental constraints and fuel economy standards in addition
tomeetingthecompetitivenessoftheworldmarket. Today,theICenginehas
synthesizedthebasicknowledgeofmanydisciplines—thermodynamics,fluid
flow, combustion, chemical kinetics and heat transfer as applied to a system
withbothspatialandtemporalvariationsinastateofnon-equilibrium. With
the availability of sophisticated computers, art of multi-dimensional mathe-
maticalmodellingandelectronicinstrumentationhaveaddednewrefinements
to the engine design. From my personal knowledge, Dr. Ganesan has himself
made many original contributions in these intricate areas. It is a wonder for
me how he has modestly kept out these details from the text as it is beyond
thescopeofthisbook. However,thereaderisnotdeniedthebenefitsofthese
viii IC Engines
investigations. Skillfully the overall findings and updated information have
been summarized as is reflected in topics on combustion and flame propa-
gation, engine heat transfer, scavenging processes and engine emissions – to
name a few examples. Indeed, it must have been a difficult task to summa-
rize the best of the wide ranging results of combustion engine research and
compress them in an elegant simple way in this book. The author has also
interacted with the curriculum development cell so that the contents of the
book will cater to the needs of any standard accredited university.
I congratulate the author, Dr. V. Ganesan on bringing out this excellent
book for the benefit of students in IC engines. While many a student will
finditrewardingtofollowthisbookforhisclasswork, Ialsohopethatitwill
motivateafewofthemtospecializeinsomekeyareasandtakeupcombustion
engine research as a career. With great enthusiasm, I recommend this book
to students and practicing engineers.
B. S. Murthy
Former Professor, IIT Madras
PREFACE
We are bringing out the fourth edition of the book after the third edition
has undergone fifteen reprints. Just to recall the history, the first edition of
this book, published in 1994, had 15 Chapters which were framed in such
a way that it will be useful to both academia and industry. Based on the
feedback and response from the students and teachers the book was revised
in2003withtheadditionoffivemorechapterstakingintoaccounttherecent
developments in engine technology and management. Again, the feedback
from academia helped me to revise the book in 2007 for the second time with
the addition of multiple choice questions. It is gratifying to note that all the
threeeditionshavereceivedoverwhelmingresponseandappreciationfromthe
students, teachers and practicing engineers.
Iamextremelyhappytoreceivethecontinuouspositivefeedbackfromthe
students and teachers. The review of the third edition by eminent reviewers
has prompted me to revise the book to bring out this edition. In this, I have
included a new chapter on Nonconventional Engines, which brings out the
modern trends in the I C Engine development. The topics included are:
• Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) Engine
• Dual fuel and Multi-fuel Engine
• Free Piston Engine
• Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine
• Homogeneous charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine
• Lean Burn Engine
• Stirling Engine
• Stratified Charge Engine
• Variable Compression Ratio(VCR) Engine
• Wankel Engine
I am sure that this will satisfy the long felt need of teachers, students and
practicing engineers to understand the latest developments. Further, I have
included the topic on vegetable oil and biodiesel in the chapter on alternate
fuels which is the latest trend in engine fuel research. Additional materials,
wherever appropriate, have been added in various chapters. Almost all the
chapters have been thoroughly revised.
In writing this book, I have kept in mind the tremendous amount of ma-
terial which the students and practicing engineers of today are expected to
cover. On this count, the chapters have been organized to form a continuous
x IC Engines
logical narrative. Maximum care has been taken to minimize the errors and
typing mistakes. I would be obliged to the readers for informing me any such
errors and mistakes and will be thankful for bringing them to my notice. I
am grateful to all those who are supporting this book.
It would be impossible to refer in detail, to the many persons whom I
have consulted in the compilation of this work. I take this opportunity to
thank all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in bringing out
this book. This edition would not have been brought to this perfection but
for the sincere and dedicated efforts of Ms. Vijayashree, who has helped me
in compiling this book. My thanks are due to the Centre for Continuing
Education of IIT Madras for their support under book writing scheme.
Ihopethiseditionwillalsoreceivethesamecontinuedoverwhelmingsup-
port from academia and practicing engineers. I will be thankful for any con-
structive criticism for improvements in the future edition of the book.
V GANESAN
Contents
Foreword vii
Preface ix
Nomenclature xxxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Energy Conversion 1
1.1.1 Definition of ‘Engine’ 1
1.1.2 Definition of ‘Heat Engine’ 1
1.1.3 Classification and Some Basic Details of Heat Engines 1
1.1.4 External Combustion and Internal Combustion Engines 2
1.2 Basic Engine Components and Nomenclature 3
1.2.1 Engine Components 3
1.2.2 Nomenclature 5
1.3 The Working Principle of Engines 6
1.3.1 Four-Stroke Spark-Ignition Engine 6
1.3.2 Four-Stroke Compression-Ignition Engine 8
1.3.3 Four-stroke SI and CI Engines 10
1.3.4 Two-Stroke Engine 10
1.3.5 Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Engines 12
1.4 Actual Engines 13
1.5 Classification of IC Engines 13
1.5.1 Cycle of Operation 16
1.5.2 Type of Fuel Used 16
1.5.3 Method of Charging 17
1.5.4 Type of Ignition 17
1.5.5 Type of Cooling 17
1.5.6 Cylinder Arrangements 17
1.6 Application of IC Engines 19
1.6.1 Two-Stroke Gasoline Engines 19
1.6.2 Two-Stroke Diesel Engines 20
1.6.3 Four-Stroke Gasoline Engines 20
1.6.4 Four-Stroke Diesel Engines 21