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Intermediate German Grammar PDF

252 Pages·2013·1.318 MB·english
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PRACTICE M A K E S PERFECT Intermediate German Grammar Ed Swick Copyright © 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-0-07-180477-6 MHID 0-07-180477-3 e-ISBN 978-0-07-180478-3 e-MHID 0-07-180478-1 Library of Congress Control Number 2013930334 Contents Preface vii 1 Nominative and accusative cases 1 Nominative case 1 Accusative case 6 2 Der-words, ein-words, and adjectives 12 Der-words 12 Ein-words 17 Adjectives 21 3 Dative case 24 Indirect objects 24 Dative prepositions 29 Prepositional adverbs 32 Dative verbs 33 4 Irregular present tense conjugations 36 Vowel change e to i 38 Vowel change e to ie 40 Irregularity by umlaut 41 Haben, sein, and werden 43 5 Genitive case 46 Possession 47 Adjectives 48 Genitive prepositions 50 6 Dative-accusative prepositions 52 Dative case 52 Accusative case 56 Pronouns and prepositional adverbs 58 Prepositions and verbs 61 7 Refl exive pronouns and plurals 63 Refl exive pronouns 63 Plurals 66 8 Prefi xes 72 Inseparable prefi xes 72 Separable prefi xes 74 Verbs that combine with both separable and inseparable prefi xes 77 Prefi xes that are inseparable and separable 79 9 Irregular past tense conjugations 81 Irregular past tense 81 The verbs haben, sein, and werden 83 Prefi xes 85 10 The perfect tenses 88 Prefi xes 90 Irregular verbs 92 The verbs haben, sein, and werden 95 11 Modal auxiliaries and double infi nitives 100 Modal auxiliaries in the past tense and with past participles 102 Double infi nitives 103 The verbs helfen, hören, lassen, and sehen 105 12 Negation and imperatives 109 Negation 109 Imperatives 117 13 Word order and the future tense 120 Sentences that begin with the subject 120 Sentences that do not begin with the subject 121 Conjunctions that combine words, phrases, and sentences 126 Future tense 128 14 Comparative adjectives and adverbs 133 Comparative adjectives 133 Comparative adverbs 137 15 Superlative adjectives and adverbs 140 Irregular superlatives 141 Superlative adjectives that modify a noun directly 142 16 Verbs with mixed conjugations 146 Mixed conjugation verbs in the present tense 146 Mixed conjugation verbs in the past tense 147 Forming past participles with mixed conjugation verbs 149 17 Numbers and numerals 152 Cardinal numbers 152 Basic mathematics 154 Currency 157 Age 158 Ordinal numbers 160 18 Relative pronouns 163 Defi nite article form of relative pronouns 163 Using welcher as a relative pronoun 167 19 Passive voice 171 Formation of the passive voice 171 The preposition durch 175 Passive and the dative case 176 20 Infi nitive clauses 182 Formation of infi nitive clauses 182 Verbs that introduce infi nitive clauses 185 Infi nitive clauses as nouns 187 Prepositions commonly used with infi nitive clauses 188 21 Subjunctive mood 190 Subjunctive I 190 Subjunctive II 194 22 Sentence writing 203 Declensions of Nouns 203 Declensions with pronouns 207 Verb conjugations 211 Clauses 214 Dialogues 216 Appendix: The principal parts of irregular verbs 219 Answer key 225 Preface If you have previously covered the basics of the German language, this book is the proper next level for you. It is intermediate German and will provide some sophisti- cations and new applications of concepts you already know along with several new concepts. Th e content is also appropriate for the readers who have had previous expe- rience with German and wish to brush up their skills a bit. If words or phrases used in the exercises are likely to be new to readers at this level, they will appear with their English translations provided in parenthe- ses. For example: Wo ist der Flughafen (airport)? Ein Austauschstudent (exchange student) aus Amerika wohnt hier. But all example sentences in German throughout the book are accompanied by their full English translation. Th is series of books is called Practice Makes Perfect, and that is precisely what you will fi nd here: an abundance of opportunities to practice the structures and concepts that are introduced. Before you are asked to complete an exercise, an explanation of the target structure or concept is provided. Oft en, an English example accompanies the explanation when the English and German concepts are similar. Th is makes understanding the German concept easier. For example: Th e English comparative is formed with an -er ending: taller, bigger, funnier. German does the same thing; an -er ending is added to make an adjective or adverb comparative: schneller (faster), kleiner (smaller), breiter (wider). Th e kinds of exercises in this book are varied. Some require the change of a specifi c word or element in a sentence. For example: Reword each sentence by changing the noun in bold to the one in parentheses. Make any other necessary changes. For example: Kennen Sie den jungen Mann? (Frau) Kennen Sie die junge Frau? Other exercises ask for a tense change. Reword the present tense sentence in the past tense. Die Kinder lernen Deutsch. Die Kinder lernten Deutsch. In some exercises, words or phrases are added to a sentence. Add an appropriate adjective to the following sentence. Ich werde mit einem alten Freund sprechen. and Provide an appropriate clause to complete the sentence. Sie wissen nicht, dass Herr Bauer sehr krank ist. And when it is appropriate, multiple-choice exercises are included. Th e kind of exercise used is determined by the best way to practice a specifi c kind of grammatical element or concept. Th e last chapter of this book contains exercises that include many diff erent concepts in sentence writing. Th ese exercises are an opportunity to create original sentences within certain guidelines. Th e goal of this last chapter is to give you plenty of room to experiment with your knowledge of German. A group of exercises unique to Chapter  asks for an appropriate response to a statement in a brief dialogue. For example: Ist dein Bruder noch hier in Berlin? Nein, er arbeitet jetzt in Hannover. and Wohin geht Erik heute abend? Er geht mit seiner Freundin ins Restaurant. Exercises such as these provide a vehicle for applying one’s German skills in a practical, con- versational environment. Th e answer key to the exercises is at the end of the book. Sample answers are provided when original writing is required in an exercise. A complete list of irregular verbs is also included at the end of the book, which is an important resource for completing exercises with verbs accurately. Remember, Practice Makes Perfect. Übung macht den Meister. Acknowledgment I would like to express the greatest of gratitude to Stefan Feyen for his generous help and suggestions. Nominative and ·1·18·· accusative cases Th e subject of a sentence is the person, object, or condition that is carrying out the action of the verb in the sentence and is in the nominative case. Th is case is also used when a noun or pronoun is in the predicate nominative, which is the element that follows a linking verb. Nominative case Th e nominative case is used when a noun or pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence. Nominative case with defi nite articles When a noun is the subject of a sentence, the correct gender must be shown in the form of a defi nite article (der, die, or das). For example: MASCULINE Der Mann ist zu Hause. Th e man is at home. FEMININE Die Lehrerin kommt mit. Th e teacher is coming along. NEUTER Das Haus ist zu klein. Th e house is too small. If a noun is plural, its original gender plays no role in the nominative case, because all nouns use the defi nite article die. Die Männer sind zu Hause. Th e men are at home. Die Lehrerinnen kommen mit. Th e teachers are coming along. Die Häuser sind zu klein. Th e houses are too small. ÜBUNG 1·1 Determine the defi nite article of each noun provided and use that noun as the subject of the sentence. Conjugate the verb appropriately for the subject in the present tense. EXAMPLE kommen nach Hause. (Vater) Der Vater kommt nach Hause. 1 singen zu laut. (sing too loudly) 1. (Kind) 2. (Lehrer) 3. (Freund) 4. (Frau) 5. (Kinder) schreiben auf Deutsch. (write in German) 6. (Schülerin) 7. (Schülerinnen) 8. (Professor) 9. (Mutter) 10. (Männer) kaufen etwas. (buy something) 11. (Junge) 12. (Mädchen) 13. (Eltern) 14. (Schwestern) 15. (Cousine) Nominative case with indefi nite articles Th e indefi nite articles (ein, eine) can also modify a noun that is used as the subject of a sentence. Masculine and neuter nouns use ein as their indefi nite article, and feminine nouns use eine. Like English, German uses no article to indicate an indefi nite plural noun. MASCULINE Ein Mann hilft uns. A man is helping us. FEMININE Eine Katze spielt mit dem Ball. A cat plays with the ball. NEUTER Ein Buch liegt auf dem Tisch. A book is lying on the table. PLURAL Jungen spielen gern Fußball. Boys like playing soccer. Th e nominative case is also used in a predicate nominative, that is, a noun that follows the verb and is found in the predicate. Th e verbs sein (be) and werden (become) are commonly used 2 Practice Makes Perfect Intermediate German Grammar with nouns in the predicate nominative. Th ey are something like an equal sign: the nominative case occurs on both sides of the verb. Der Roman ist jetzt ein Film. (der Roman = ein Film) Th e novel is now a movie. Der Junge wird ein Mann. (der Junge = ein Mann) Th e boy becomes a man. ÜBUNG 1·2 Determine the indefi nite article of each noun provided and use that noun as the predicate nominative of the sentence. Ist das Gebäude ? (Is the building . . . ?) 1. (Schule) 2. (Restaurant) 3. (Bahnhof [railway station]) 4. (Gaststätte [inn]) 5. (Hotel) 6. (Bibliothek [library]) 7. (Museum) 8. (Kirche [church]) 9. (Fabrik [factory]) 10. (Wohnhaus [apartment building]) Nominative case without an article Nouns that specify a nationality or a profession require neither a defi nite article nor an indefi nite article when used in the predicate nominative. For example: Der Mann ist Deutscher. Th e man is a German. Meine Schwester wird Ärztin. My sister is becoming a doctor. ÜBUNG 1·3 Using the nationality or profession provided in parentheses, create sentences that say that the man or the woman is of that nationality or in that profession. EXAMPLE (der Italiener) Der Mann ist Italiener. (die Italienerin) Die Frau ist Italienerin. 1. (der Bäcker [baker]) 2. (die Amerikanerin) Nominative and accusative cases 3

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