Interior Lighting: Fundamentals, Technology and Application

485 Pages·2019·15.202 MB·English

by  Wout Van Bommel

Wout van Bommel
Interior
Lighting
Fundamentals, Technology and
Application
Interior Lighting
Wout van Bommel
Interior Lighting
Fundamentals, Technology and Application
WoutvanBommel
VanBommelLightingConsultant
Nuenen,Noord-Brabant,TheNetherlands
ISBN978-3-030-17194-0 ISBN978-3-030-17195-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17195-7
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
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Dedicated to my former lighting teachers,
Prof. Nito de Boer ({), Prof. Jochen Schmidt-
Clausen and Prof. Dietert Fischer ({), who
gave me lots of trust, motivation and
opportunities and to Hari Mamak ({) and
Prof. Tai-Ming Zhou who were instrumental
in creating challenging teaching
opportunities for me in Asia.
Preface
This book outlines the underlying principles on which interior lighting should be
basedforarrivingatgoodvisualperformance,comfort,alertnessandhealthforthe
users of the lit space. It is the first interior lighting book in which the visual and
non-visualbiologicaleffectsoflightingaredealtwithonanequalfooting.Around
thesametimethatsolid-statelighting(LEDlighting)wasintroduced,some20years
ago, we began to learn that lighting has apart from visual effects also far-reaching
non-visual biological effects. These effects influence the way our body “operates”
and, therefore, influence our health, well-being and alertness. Interior lighting
installationstodayhavetobedesignedsothattheycanprovidebothsuitablevisual
and non-visual biological effects. Lighting that indeed does this is referred to as
human-centric lighting.Thisbookgivesallthefundamentalandpracticalinforma-
tionneededtodesignhuman-centriclightinginstallations.
Theintroductionofsolid-statelightsourceshasprovidedthepossibilitytodesign
innovative, truly sustainable lighting installations which are adaptable to changing
circumstances.Thedesignofsuchsolid-state lightinginstallationsismoredifficult
thanitwaswithgasdischargelamps.ToavoiddisappointmentswithLEDlighting
installations,detailedknowledgeofthetypicalcharacteristicsofthemanydifferent
solid-state light sources is essential. Already long-available information on vision
andcolourseeinghastobecombinedwithentirelynewfundamentalresearchonthe
relationship between lighting on the one hand and vision, performance, comfort,
healthandwell-beingontheotherhand.
LEDs offer the possibility to use them not only for lighting but also for data
transmission. LEDs can, therefore, be used as the heart of the Internet of Things
(IoT).Here,datacommunicationiscombinedwithmicrosensortechnologytocreate
connected smart environments. The use of LED lighting as a means for data
communication is referred to as “light beyond illumination”. Visible light commu-
nication (VLC), LiFi and light itself used as sensor are part of this subject. The
modernlightingprofessionalhastogetfamiliarisedwiththesenewtechnologiesand
applications.
vii
viii Preface
The book is divided into three parts. Part I discusses the fundamentals of the
visualandnon-visualmechanismsandthepracticalconsequencesforvisualperfor-
mance and comfort, for sleep, for health and for alertness. It includes chapters on
shiftwork,ontherapeuticandhazardouseffectsoflightingandontheeffectofthe
ageing eye. Part II, Technology, deals with the lighting hardware, lamps (with
emphasis on LEDs), gear, drivers and luminaires, including chapters about smart
connected lighting and light used for data communication (VLC and Li-Fi) and as
sensor.Italsohasachapteraboutdaylight.PartIII,theapplicationpart,providesthe
linkbetweentheoryandpracticeandsuppliesthereaderwiththeknowledgeneeded
for lighting design. It describes the relevant lighting criteria for efficient interior
lightinganddiscussestheinternational,EuropeanandNorthAmericanstandardsfor
interior lighting. This part concludes with a chapter about interior lighting calcula-
tionsandmeasurements.
I wish to record my gratitude to Prof. Steve Fotios for reviewing the entire
manuscriptandtoWangShenforreviewingChaps.14and15.
For the lighting professional orstudent being active in both indoor and outdoor
lighting, I refer to my book Road Lighting: Fundamentals, Technology and Appli-
cationthatwaspublishedin2015withSpringer.
Nuenen,Noord-Brabant,TheNetherlands WoutvanBommel
Contents
PartI Fundamentals
1 VisualMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 VisualSensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 OpticsoftheEye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 RetinaandPhotoreceptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 SpectralSensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.1 ConesandRods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2 PhotopicandScotopicVision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 ReceptiveFields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 ColourVision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7 PupillaryReflex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.8 High-LevelVision. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 20
1.8.1 PerceptualConstancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.8.2 MaintainingConstancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Colour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 PerceivedColour.. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 25
2.2 ColourSpecification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 CIEx–yChromaticityDiagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.2 CIEu0–v0 ChromaticityDiagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.3 ColourSpaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 ColourAppearanceofWhiteLight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.1 CorrelatedColourTemperatureCCT. . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.2 DistancefromBlackbodyLocus,D . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
uv
2.4 DominantWavelengthandExcitationPurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 ColourRendering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5.1 GeneralColourRenderingIndexR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
a
2.5.2 GeneralColourFidelityIndex,R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
f
2.5.3 GamutIndexR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
g
ix
x Contents
2.5.4 ColourVectorGraphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.5.5 ColourDiscrimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 50
2.5.6 Surface-ColourMetamerism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6 SummaryofColourMetrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3 VisualPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.1 VisualTask. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.2 ThresholdVisibility. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 60
3.2.1 VisualAcuity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2.2 ThresholdContrast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3 SuprathresholdVisibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.1 Landolt-RingTask. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3.2 SearchTask. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.3.3 VerificationTask. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3.4 Rea’sVisualPerformanceModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4 DisabilityGlare. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 76
3.5 IndirectGlare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.5.1 Non-self-luminousTasks. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 79
3.5.2 Self-LuminousDevices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.6 InfluenceofSpectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.6.1 PupilSize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.6.2 VisualAcuity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.6.3 EquivalentVisualEfficiencyMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4 VisualSatisfaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.1 SpatialBrightness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.1.1 Brightness-LuminanceRelation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.1.2 InfluenceofSpectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.2 RoomAppearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2.1 RoomSurfaceIlluminanceandLuminance. . . . . . . . 95
4.2.2 MeanRoomSurfaceExitance,MRSE. . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.2.3 ItemsforFurtherStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3 DirectionalityandModelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.3.1 FlowofLighting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.3.2 LightTubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.4 DiscomfortGlare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4.1 FundamentalApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.4.2 UnifiedGlareRating,UGR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.4.3 OverheadGlare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.4.4 IndirectGlare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.5 LightColourPreference. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . 127
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Contents xi
5 Non-visualBiologicalMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.1 CircadianRhythms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.1.1 ThePrinciple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.1.2 BodilyRhythms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.1.3 BiologicalClock. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . 142
5.1.4 Chronotypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.1.5 Entrainment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.1.6 PhaseShifting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.2 ThirdTypeofPhotoreceptor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.2.1 PhotosensitiveRetinalGanglionCells(pRGCs). . . . 147
5.2.2 RetinalNeuralWiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.3 SpatialDistributionofpRGCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2.4 FieldofView. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.3 PinealGlandandAdrenalCortex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.4 DirectPhotobiologicalEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.5 SpectralSensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.5.1 ActionSpectra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.5.2 SpectralSensitivityofPhotopigments. . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.5.3 SpectralCharacterisationofLighting
Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6 Light,Sleep,AlertnessandPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.1 Sleep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.1.1 SleepMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.1.2 SleepMeasures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.1.3 DaytimeLight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.2 AlertnessandPerformance. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 176
6.2.1 AlertnessandPerformanceMeasures. . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.2.2 DaytimeLight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.3 DynamicDaytimeLightingScenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7 ShiftWork,Light,SleepandPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.1 CircadianMisalignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.2 Sleep,AlertnessandPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.2.1 Sleep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.2.2 AlertnessandPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3 Night-TimeLightingStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.3.1 BrightLight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.3.2 IntermittentBrightLight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.3.3 Short-WavelengthDepletedWhiteLight. . . . . . . . . 197
7.4 DynamicLightingScenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203