Interfacial Phenomena in Drug Delivery and Targeting

314 Pages·2018·23.301 MB·English

by  G. Buckton

INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA
IN DRUG DELIVERY AND TARGETING
Drug Targeting and Delivery
A series of books discussing all aspects of the targeting and delivery of drugs.
Edited by A. T. Florence and G. Gregoriadis, The School of Pharmacy, University
of London, UK
Volume 1
Microencapsulation of Drugs
edited by T. L. Whateley
Volume 2
Liposomes in Drug Delivery
edited by G. Gregoriadis, A. T. Florence and H. M. Patel
Volume 3
Drug Absorption Enhancement: Concepts, Possibilities, Limitations and Trends
edited by A. G. de Boer
Volume 4
Trends and Future Perspectives in Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery
edited by V. H. L. Lee, M. Hashida and Y. Mizushima
Volume 5
Interfacial Phenomena in Drug Delivery and Targeting
edited by G. Buckton
Other volumes in preparation
Liposomes in Biomedical Applications
edited by R N. Shek
Inhalation Drug Delivery
edited by P. J. Atkins
Submicron Emulsions in Drug Targeting and Delivery
edited by S. Benita
Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers
edited by A. J. Domb
This book is part of a series. The publisher will accept continuation orders which may be
cancelled at any time and which provide for automatic billing and shipping of each title in
the series upon publication. Please write for details.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Buckton, Graham
Interfacial Phenomena in Drug Delivery
and Targeting. - (Drug Targeting &
Delivery Series, ISSN 1058-241x; Vol.5)
I. Title II. Series
615.6
To Katherine and Sarah

CONTENTS
Preface to the Series xiii
Introduction xv
List of Symbols xvii
PART A - FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 1: Interfacial phenomena, surface tension and liquid/liquid interfaces
1.1 Surfaces and interfaces 1
1.2 The liquid/vapour interface 2
1.2.1 The measurement of surface tension
1.2.2 The effect of additives on surface tension
1.2.3 Foams
1.2.4 Concluding comments on the liquid/vapour interface
1.3 The liquid/liquid interface 10
1.3.1 Studies on insoluble monolayers
1.3.2 Emulsions
1.3.2.1 The basic concepts
1.3.2.2 Emulsion stability
1.3.2.3 Phases and stabilisers
1.3.3 Concluding comments on liquid/liquid interfaces
1.4 The properties of water 19
Chapter 2: The solid/liquid interface
2.1 The solid surface 27
2.1.1 Solid surface tension and solid surface energy
2.2 Crystalline and amorphous materials 28
2.3 Contact angles 32
2.3.1 The wetting process
2.3.2 Factors which affect contact angle
2.4 Measurement of contact angles 39
2.4.1 Contact angles on smooth flat surfaces
2.4.2 Capillary penetration
2.4.3 Measurement of contact angles for powdered systems
2.4.3.1 The difficulties with powders
2.4.3.2 Contact angles on compacts
2.4.3.3 Liquid penetration experiments
Vll
viii CONTENTS
2.4.4 Comparison of contact angle values obtained from different
techniques
2.5 Estimation of surface energy values for solids 59
2.5.1 Critical surface tension, yc
2.5.2 Polar and dispersion components of surface energy
2.5.2.1 The nature of interfacial forces
2.5.2.2 Calculation of polar and dispersion forces
2.5.3 Theory of non-additive surface energy components
2.5.3.1 Calculation of acid-base surface energy parameters
2.5.4 Equation of state approaches
2.6 Estimating surface energies by use of immersional calorimetry 73
2.7 Adsorption at the solid/liquid interface 74
2.7.1 Isotherms for the adsorption of solute onto solid from solution
2.7.2 Factors which affect the extent of adsorption from solution
2.7.3 Significance of adsorption at the solid/liquid interface
Chapter 3: The solid/vapour interface
3.1 The basis of adsorption 83
3.2 Clean surfaces 85
3.3 Solid/vapour adsorption isotherms 86
3.3.1 The Langmuir isotherm
3.3.1.1 Mathematical derivation of the Langmuir isotherm
3.3.2 Type II, III, IV and V physical isotherms
3.3.3 Freudlich isotherm
3.3.4 Brunauer, Emmett and Teller isotherm
3.3.5 GAB isotherm
3.3.6 Polanyi adsorption potential
3.4 Capillary condensation 94
3.5 Thermodynamics of adsorption 95
3.5.1 Isosteric studies
3.5.2 Calorimetric studies
3.5.2.1 An introduction to isothermal microcalorimetry
3.6 Interactions between powders and water vapour 101
3.6.1 Water adsorption
3.6.2 Water absorption
3.6.3 Transfer of water between solids
3.6.4 Deliquescence
3.6.5 Hydrates
CONTENTS IX
3.7 Reverse phase chromatography 108
3.7.1 Adsorption parameters at zero coverage
3.7.2 Adsorption isotherms
Chapter 4: Other interfacial phenomena
4.1 Solid/solid interfaces 116
4.1.1 Friction
4.1.2 Lubrication
4.1.3 Adhesion
4.2 Aerosols 122
4.2.1 Formation of aerosols
4.3 Relationships between interfacial phenomena and other properties 124
4.3.1 Tensile strength
4.3.2 Solubility parameter
4.4 Electrical aspects of interfaces 129
4.4.1 Sources of charge on materials
4.4.2 DLVO theory
4.5 Some relationships between interfacial phenomena 133
Chapter 5: Surfactants
5.1 Types of surfactant 136
5.2 Micelles and surfactant aggregation 138
5.2.1 Micelle formation
5.2.2 Determination of the CMC
5.2.3 Factors affecting the CMC
5.2.4 Other phase behaviour
5.2.4.1 Conformation below the CMC
5.2.4.2 Cloud point and gel formation
5.3 Properties of surfactants 144
5.3.1 Wetting agents
5.3.2 Detergency
5.3.3 Solubilisation
5.4 Surfactants as stabilisers of emulsions and suspensions 147
5.4.1 Emulsions
5.4.2 Microemulsions
5.4.3 Emulsion stability
5.4.3.1 HLB system
5.4.3.2 Other stability aspects
5.5 Surfactants as stabilisers of suspensions 151