Interface / Interphase in Polymer Nanocomposites

443 Pages·2016·7.57 MB·English

by  Anil N. Netravali

Interface/Interphase in Polymer
Nanocomposites
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Adhesion and Adhesives: Fundamental and Applied Aspects
The topics to be covered include, but not limited to, basic and theoretical aspects
of adhesion; modeling of adhesion phenomena; mechanisms of a dhesion; s urface
and interfacial analysis and characterization; unraveling of events at interfaces;
characterization of interphases; adhesion of thin films and coatings; adhesion
aspects in reinforced composites; formation, characterization and durability of
adhesive joints; surface preparation methods; polymer surface modification;
biological adhesion; particle adhesion; adhesion of metallized plastics; adhesion of
diamond-like films; adhesion promoters; contact angle, wettability and a dhesion;
superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity. With regards to adhesives, the
Series will include, but not limited to, green adhesives; novel and high- performance
adhesives; and medical adhesive applications.
Series Editor: Dr. K.L. Mittal
1983 Route 52,
P.O. Box 1280, Hopewell Junction, NY 12533, USA
Email: [email protected]
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Interface/Interphase in Polymer
Nanocomposites
Edited by
Anil N. Netravali and K.L. Mittal
Copyright © 2017 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Cover design by Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-119-18491-1
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
Part 1 Nanocomposite Interfaces/Interphases
1 Polymer Nanocomposite Interfaces: The Hidden Lever for
Optimizing Performance in Spherical Nanofilled Polymers 3
Ying Li, Yanhui Huang, Timothy Krentz, Bharath Natarajan,
Tony Neely and Linda S. Schadler
1.1 Introduction 4
1.1.1 Dispersion Control 5
1.1.2 Interface Structure 6
1.1.3 Interface Properties 6
1.1.4 Measuring and Modeling the Interface 7
1.2 Dispersion Control through Interfacial Modification 8
1.2.1 Introduction 8
1.2.2 Short Ligands 8
1.2.3 Polymer Brush 11
1.2.3.1 Polymer Brush Synthesis Methods 12
1.2.3.2 Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions
of Polymer Brushes to
Dispersion Control 13
1.3 Interface Structure 16
1.3.1 Introduction 16
1.3.2 Effects of Particle Size 17
1.3.3 Effects of Crystallinity and Cross-linking 18
1.3.4 Effects of Polymer Brush Penetration 19
1.3.4.1 The Athermal Case 19
1.3.4.2 The Enthalpic Case 21
1.3.5 Characterizing the Interface Structure 22
v
vi Contents
1.4 Interface Properties and Characterization Techniques 24
1.4.1 Introduction 24
1.4.2 Molecular Mobility in Nanocomposite Interfaces 25
1.4.3 Thermomechanical Properties and Measurements 28
1.4.3.1 D irect Measurement 30
1.4.3.2 Indirect Methods 32
1.4.4 Dielectric Properties and Measurements 40
1.4.4.1 Effects of Nanofillers 42
1.4.4.2 Measurement Techniques 43
1.4.4.3 I ndirect Measurement 44
1.4.4.4 Finite Element Modeling 50
1.4.5 Remarks on Characterization Methods 52
1.5 Summary 53
Acknowledgements 54
References 55
2 Interphase Engineering with Nanofillers in
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 71
József Karger-Kocsis, Sándor Kéki, Haroon Mahmood
and Alessandro Pegoretti
2.1 Introduction 72
2.2 Interphase Tailoring for Stress Transfer 74
2.2.1 Coating with Nanofillers 74
2.2.2 Creation of Hierarchical Fibers 80
2.2.2.1 Chemical Grafting of Nanofillers 80
2.2.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 81
2.2.2.3 Other “Grafting” Techniques 83
2.2.3 Effects of Matrix Modification with Nanofillers 85
2.3 Interphase Tailoring for Functionality 87
2.3.1 Sensing/Damage Detection 87
2.3.2 Self-healing/Repair 89
2.3.3 Damping 91
2.4 Outlook and Future Trends 91
2.5 Summary 93
Acknowledgements 93
Nomenclature 94
References 94
Contents vii
3 Formation and Functionality of Interphase in Polymer
Nanocomposites 103
Peng-Cheng Ma, Bin Hao and Jang-Kyo Kim
3.1 I ntroduction 103
3.2 Formation of Interphase in Polymer Nanocomposites 105
3.3 Functionality of Interphase in Polymer Nanocomposites 111
3.3.1 Load Transfer in Nanocomposites 111
3.3.2 Reduction in Growth Rate of Fatigue
Cracks in Nanocomposites 116
3.3.3 Controlling the Fracture Behavior
of Nanocomposites 119
3.3.4 Enhancing the Damping Properties
of Nanocomposites 121
3.3.5 Channels for the Transport of Ions and
Moisture in Nanocomposites 123
3.3.6 Phonon Scattering in Nanocomposites 125
3.3.7 Electron Transfer in Nanocomposites 128
3.4 Summary and Prospects 130
Acknowledgements 133
References 133
4 Impact of Crystallization on the Interface in Polymer
Nanocomposites 139
Nandika D’Souza, Siddhi Pendse, Laxmi Sahu,
Ajit Ranade and Shailesh Vidhate
4.1 Introduction 140
4.2 Thermodynamics of Crystallization 142
4.3 Nylon Nanocomposites 144
4.3.1 Dispersion of MLS in Nylon Nanocomposites 145
4.3.2 Effect of MLS on Thermal Transitions in Nylon 146
4.3.3 Permeability 149
4.4 PET Nanocomposites 151
4.4.1 Dispersion of MLS in PET Nanocomposites 151
4.4.2 Effect of MLS on Thermal Transitions in PET 151
4.5 PEN Nanocomposites 156
4.5.1 D ispersion of MLS in PEN Nanocomposites 156
4.5.2 Effect of MLS on Thermal Transitions in PEN 157
4.5.3 Permeability 162
4.5.4 The Role of the Interface in Permeability:
PET versus PEN 162
4.6 Summary 167
Acknowledgements 167
References 168
viii Contents
5 Improved Nanofiller-Matrix Bonding and Distribution
in GnP-reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites by
Surface Plasma Treatments of GnP 171
Rafael J. Zaldivar and Hyun I. Kim
5.1 Introduction 172
5.2 Experimental 173
5.2.1 Composite Fabrication 173
5.2.2 Image Analysis 174
5.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy 174
5.2.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 174
5.2.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 175
5.2.6 Mechanical Testing 175
5.3 Results 175
5.4 Conclusions 187
Acknowledgement 187
References 187
6 Interfacial Effects in Polymer Nanocomposites Studied
by Thermal and Dielectric Techniques 191
Panagiotis Klonos, Apostolos Kyritsis and Polycarpos Pissis
6.1 Introduction 192
6.2 Experimental Techniques 197
6.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 197
6.2.2 Dielectric Techniques 202
6.2.2.1 Broadband Dielectric
Spectroscopy (BDS) 203
6.2.2.2 Th ermally Stimulated Depolarization
Current (TSDC) Techniques 207
6.3 Evaluation in Terms of Interfacial Characteristics 209
6.3.1 Analysis of DSC Measurements 209
6.3.2 Analysis of Dielectric Measurements 211
6.3.3 Thickness of the Interfacial Layer 213
6.4 Examples 214
6.4.1 DSC Measurements 214
6.4.2 Dielectric Measurements 221
6.5 Prospects 235
6.6 Summary 236
Abbreviations 237
Symbols 238
Greek Symbols 239
Acknowledgements 240
References 241