Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the New Immigration Volume 3: The New Immigrant in American Society PDF
Preview Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the New Immigration Volume 3: The New Immigrant in American Society
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the New Immigration Volume 3 The New Immigrant in American society SeriesC ontent Volume 1 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Volume 2 THE NEW IMMIGRANT IN THE AMERICAN ECONOMY Volume 3 THE NEW IMMIGRANT IN AMERICAN SOCIETY Volume 4 THE NEW IMMIGRANT AND THE AMERICAN FAMILY Volume 5 THE NEW IMMIGRANT AND AMERICAN SCHOOLS Volume 6 THE NEW IMMIGRANT AND LANGUAGE Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the New Immigration Volume 3 Immigrant The New Society American Edited with introductionsb y Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco CarolaS uárez-Orozco DesiréeQ in-Hilliard all Harvard University RO Routledge UTLEDG Taylor & Francis Group E Publishedi n 2001 by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Publishedi n Great Britain by Routledge 2 Park Square,M ilton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledgei s an Imprint of the Taylor & FrancisB ooks, Inc. Copyright © 2001 by Routledge Transferredr a digital printing 2010. All rights reserved.N o pan of this book may be reprintedo r reproducedo r utilized in any form or by any electronic,m echanical,o r other means,n ow known or hereafteri nvented,i ncluding any photocopyinga nd recording,o r in any informations torageo r retrieval system,w ithout permissionin writing from the publishers. 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of CongressC ataloging-in-PublicationD ata lnterdisciplinaryp erspectiveso n the new imrnigration / edited with introductionsb y MarceJoM . Suárez-OrozcoC, arola Suárez-OrozcoD, esiréeQ in-Hilliard. p.cm. Contents:v . I. Theoreticalp erspectives-- v. 2. The new irnnllgrant in the American economy- -v. 3. The new immigrant in American society- -v. 4. Tbe new immigrant and the Americanf arnily --v. 5. The new irnnllgrant and Americans chools- -v. 6. Tbe new irnnllgrant and language. I. Immigrants--UnitedS tates.2 . United States--Ernigrationa nd irnnllgration. J. Suárez-OrozcoM, arcelo M., 1956-11. Suárez-OrozcoC, arola, 1957-111. Qin-Hilliard, Desirée. JV6465 .148 2001 304.8'73--dc21 2001048449 ISBN 978-0-415-88625-3(P OD set) ISBN 978-0-815-33704-1( set) ISBN 978-0-815-33705-8(v . 1) ISBN 978-0-815-33706-5(v . 2) ISBN 978-0-815-33707-2(v . 3) ISBN 978-0-815-33708-9(v . 4) ISBN 978-0-815-33709-6(v . 5) ISBN 978-0-815-33710-2(v . 6) Contents vu SeriesI ntroduction IX Volume Introduction 2 RethinkingA ssimilation Theory for a New Era ofImmigration Richard Alba and Victor Nee 51 Everything You Ever Wantedt o Know About Assimilation but Were Afraid to Ask Marcelo Suárez-Orozco 82 Is Assimilation Dead? Nathan Glazer 97 Second-GeneratioDn ecline: Scenariosf or the Economica nd Ethnic Futureso f the Post-1965A merican Immigrants Herbert J Gans 118 The New SecondG eneration:S egmentedA ssimilation and lts Variants Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou 142 Time to Rethink Immigration? Peter Brimelow 159 Beyondt he Rhetoric of Assimilation and Cultural Pluralism: Addressingt he Tensiono f Separatisma nd Conflict in an Immigration-DrivenM ultiracial Society Bil! Ong Hing 223 Facet he Nation: Race,I mmigration, and the Rise ofNativism in Late TwentiethC enturyA merica GeorgeS ánchez 245 Wo men and Children First: New Directions in Anti-Immigrant Politics Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo 267 Immigration and Public Opinion ThomasE spenshadea nd Maryann Belanger 306 Participationa nd Accommodation RobertL . Bach 319 The Making of a Multicultural Metropolis Roger Waldinger and Mehdi Bozorgmehr 355 Cultural Moming, Immigration, and Engagement:V ignettes from the Mexican Experience Ricardo C. Ainslie 371 Acknowledgments v This pagei ntentionallyl eft blank Series Introduction At the turn of the millennium the U nited Statesh ast he largestn umbero f immigrants in its history. As a consequenceim, migration hase mergedo ncea gaina s a subjecto f scholarlyi nquiry and in policy debates.T his seriesb rings togethert he dominant conceptuaal ndt heoreticalw ork on the "new immigration." Immigrationt odayi s a global and transnationapl henomenonth at affects everyregiono f the world with unprecedentefdo rce. Although thi s seriesi s devotedt o scholarlyw ork on the new immigrations pecificallyi n the UnitedS tates,m anyo f the broaderc onceptuails sues coveredh erea lso apply to oth er postindustriacl ountries,s ucha s France,G ermany, andJapan. In the U nited Statesi mmigrationi s both history andd estiny.T hec urrentw aveo f immigrationh as manys imilaritiest o the large-scaletr ansoceanicim migrationa t the turn of the twentiethc entury,a ndy et severalf eaturesd istinguishi t as uniquet o the presente ra. Up to 1965 immigrationt o the UnitedS tatesw as overwhelminglya European phenomenonw, ith countriess ucha s Germany,t he United Kingdom, andI reland leadingt he way. Today'si mmigrantsa re a highly diversep opulation,o riginatingi n suchv aried settingsa s Latin America, Asia, and the Caribbean.M ajorities of new immigrantsw ho are phenotypicallyn ot white are subjectt o a processo f racialization that transformst hem in this new contextf rom immigrant outsiderst o "peopleo f color." In the aftermatho f the great struggleso f the civil rights movement,r ace, color, and ethnicity continuet o be essentialt o the social processesth at shapet he opportunitiesa nd life experienceso f thesen ew arrivals. In earlier eras immigration was structuredi n time-delineatedd iscrete and boundedw aves.T herew as a clear beginninga nde ndd atet o the varióusE uropean migrationst o the United States.T he currentp atterno f immigrationt o the United Statest hat hadb egunt o intensify in 1965 andt he n gainede xtraordinarym omentum in the 1980sa nd 1990sc an bestb e describeda s an ongoingf low that everr eplenishes the immigrants tocko f the nation. This flow seemst o be the result of severald istinct factors. First, the postindustrial economy has developeda voracious need for immigrant workers.A Iso, with the passageo f the Hart-CellarI mmigration Act in 1965, family reunificationb ecamea powerful force that generateda nds trengthened immigrantc hains,a s thosel eft behindw ereg iven the opportunityt o join relativesa nd loved ones living in the U nited States.A host of social forces-the easeo f mass transportationi,n stanta ccesst o informationa boutj ob opportunities,a ndt he dream for a betters tandardo f living-havem adem igration an increasinglya ttractiveo ption for many. Finally, armed conflicts, ethnic and religious tensions, and political repressiona re implicated significantly in population displacements;w itness the vu Vlll SeriesI ntroduction million-plus SoutheasAt siansa nd million-plus Centr al Americansn Ow living in the U nited States. Globalization is yet another basic characteristict hat separatest he new immigrationf rom the old. Earlier waveso f immigrationt ook pI ace in the contexto f nation-building efforts in which immigrant workers, consumers,a nd would-be citizensp layeda significant role. Today, immigration is at the hearto f globalization. The three main piUars of globalizationa re post-nationalf inancial marketsa ndt he emergenceo f knowledge-intensivee conomiesjn ew informationa ndc ommunication technologiest hat instantaneouslcy onnectp eoplea crossv ast spaceSja ndl arge-scale immigration. These three phenomena,t hough discrete, are intertwined. The globalizationo f capital andt he increasinglyi nternationalizedp roductiono f goodsa nd servicesa re predicatedo n new communicationt echnologiesa s weU as on capital's ability to mobilize humanl abor with stunnings peeda ndf orce. For example,i n the 1980sa nd 1990sM exico's northernb ordere xperiencede xtraordinaryp opulation growth as internationali nterestsin vestedm assive1yin maquiladoraa ssemblyp lantst o take advantageo f cheapl abor and de-regularizedp roductionp ractices. This series examinest he new immigration from an interdisciplinary and comparativep erspective.W ebring together the leading minds in the study of immigration from such disparate disciplines as anthropology, economics, demographyp, sychology,a nds ociology.W e inc1udes chola:rlyw ork on the impact of the new immigrationo n the U.S. economy.W e also examinea t lengtht he ways in which the new immigrantsa re transformingU .S. society.W e presenta broadr angeo f scholarshipo n how immigration affectst he family system,a s weU as the educational opportunitiesa ndc hallengesfa cing the childreno f today'si mmigrants.F inally, we examinet he ever-controversiatlo pic of bilingualism andl inguistic practicesa mong new immigrants. Takent ogether,t he artic1esi n this seriesr epresentt he most influential and, in manyc ases,o riginal scholarshipo n the new immigration.I n se1ectinga rtic1esf or the series,w e privilegedt hoset hat havei nfluenceda domainb y generatingd ebatea nd further scholarship.W e also strovet o inc1udea rangeo f scholarshipd evotedt o basic research on the most significant immigrant groups. Rather than gloss over controversiesd, isagreementsa, nd contradictoryf indings, we have inc1udedm any perspectives.T he perceptiver eader wiU be able to teaseo ut the various heated controversiesa s weU as areaso f consensusa nd analytic convergence. Volume Introduction Large-scaleim migration generatesim portants ocietalt ransformationsA. s the Harvard University historianJ ohn Coatsworthh as noted, at the turn of the twenty-first century people in the United Statesa te differently, dressedd ifferently, danced differently, andt alkedd ifferently becauseo f immigration. The articlesi n this volume examineh ow new immigrantsa re reshapingA mericans ocietya ndh ow they are being transformedb y the forces they encounteri n the new setting. This volume is structureda roundt hreem ajor conceptuatl hemes-patternso f assimilation,p ublic attitudes,a nd the social and cultural changesc ausedb y immigration. The first set of articles examinesv arious models and theorieso f immigrant insertioni nto Americans ociety.T he authorsd eploya variety of conceptuatlo ols to explore the workings of assimilation, acculturation,a nd the trans-generational processesa ffecting immigrantsa nd the seconda nd third generations. Alba and Nee exa mine the idea of assimilationa nd trace the history of this classics ociologicalc onceptt o earli er patternso f large-scaleim migrationf rom Europe to the U nitedS tates.T hey find that the main tenetso f assimilationt heorye merging from the earlier work on Europeanim migration remainv iabie for explainingt he adaptationso f the new waveo f post-1965i mmigrants.T hey focus on the evidenceo f the socioeconomica nd residentiala ssimilationo f recenti mmigrant groups.T hey claim thesea ndo therd ataa re quite consistent," albeit unevenly,"w ith the predictions of assimilationt heory. MarceloS uárez-Orozcois mores kepticalo f applyinge arliera ssimilationt hinking to the emerginga daptationsa mongn ew immigrants.A numbero f studiess uggest that the tenetso f straight-linea ssimilation-the notion that all groupsu ndergoa single patho f assimilationi nto Americans ociety-needr eexaminationH. e explores threea ssumptionsth at composet he essenceo f earliert hinking on assimilation:t he "clean break," "homogeneity,"a nd" progress."H e arguest hat rathert hanf ollowing the slow but steadyt rans-generationaplr ogressp redictedb y straight-linea ssimilation, manyi mmigrantss eemt o be moving into the well-remunerateds ectoro f the U.S. economya t an unprecedenterda te or they find themselveslo ckedi nto segregated, deep-povertys ocial spacest hat hold no promisef or social mobility. This suggeststh at insteado f following a single path, immigrationt odayd isplaysa highly dimorphic pattern in which some immigrants thrive (nearly 40 percento f all businessesin California'sS ilicon Valley areo wnedb y immigrants)a ndo therss trugglet o survive. The deano f the sociologyo f immigration,N athanG lazero f HarvardU niversity, examinesa "d eclinei n the positivea ttitudest owardst he term 'assimilationa' s an ideal for immigrantsa ndm inority groupsi n the United States". He arguest hat although Americanizationw as idealizeda t the beginningo f the twentiethc entury,a ssimilation patternsw er e madea vailablea lmoste xclusivelyt o immigrantso f Europeano rigin. Glazer concludes that American patterns of discrimination against African- IX
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