Intercountry Adoption: Policies, Practices, and Outcomes

416 Pages·2012·2.16 MB·English

by  Karen Smith Rotabi

Intercountry AdoptIon
contemporary Social Work Studies
Series Editors:
Lucy Jordan and patrick o’Leary, university of Southampton, uK
Series Advisory Board:
Lena dominelli, university of durham, uK
Jan Fook, university of Southampton, uK
peter Ford, university of Southampton, uK
Lorraine Gutiérrez, university of Michigan, uSA
Lucy Jordan, university of Southampton, uK
Walter Lorenz, Free university of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
patrick o’Leary, university of Southampton, uK
Joan orme, university of Glasgow, uK
Jackie powell, university of Southampton, uK
Gillian ruch, university of Southampton, uK
Sue White, university of Birmingham, uK
Contemporary Social Work Studies is a series disseminating high quality new
research and scholarship in the discipline and profession of social work. the
series promotes critical engagement with contemporary issues relevant across the
social work community and captures the diversity of interests currently evident at
national, international and local levels.
cSWS is located in the School of Social Sciences (Social Work Studies
division) at the university of Southampton, uK and is a development from the
successful series of books published by Ashgate in association with cedr (the
centre for evaluative and developmental research) from 1991.
Other titles in this series:
Spirituality and Social Work
Beth R. Crisp
978-0-7546-7734-5
practice and research
Ian F. Shaw
978-1-4094-3917-2
Intercountry Adoption
policies, practices, and outcomes
Edited by
JudIth L. GIBBonS
Saint Louis University, USA
and
KAren SMIth rotABI
United Arab Emirates University, UAE
First published 2012 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
copyright© 2012 Judith L. Gibbons and Karen Smith rotabi
Judith L. Gibbons and Karen Smith rotabi have asserted their right under the copyright,
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Intercountry adoption : policies, practices, and outcomes.
-- (contemporary social work studies)
1. Intercountry adoption. 2. Intercountry adoption--Law
and legislation. 3. Intercountry adoption--Government
policy. 4. Adopted children--Social conditions.
I. Series II. Gibbons, Judith L. III. rotabi, Karen Smith.
362.7'34'089-dc23
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Intercountry adoption : policies, practices, and outcomes / [edited] by
Judith L. Gibbons and Karen Smith rotabi.
p. cm. -- (contemporary social work studies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBn 978-1-4094-1054-6 (hbk) 1. Intercountry adoption.
I. Gibbons, Judith L. II. rotabi, Karen Smith.
hV875.5.I547 2011
362.734--dc23
2011052074
ISBn 9781409410546 (hbk)
Contents
List of Figures and Tables ix
List of Abbreviations xi
List of Contributors xiii
Acknowledgments xxiii
Foreword xxv
Introduction 1
Judith L. Gibbons and Karen Smith Rotabi
Part I POLICY aND rEGULatIONS
1 The Rise and Fall of Intercountry Adoption in the 21st Century:
Global Trends from 2001 to 2010 7
Peter Selman
2 Social Policy Approaches and Social Work Dilemmas in
Intercountry Adoption 29
Jonathan Dickens
3 Implications of the Hague Convention on the Humanitarian
Evacuation and ‘Rescue’ of Children 43
Kathleen Ja Sook Bergquist
4 Human Rights Considerations in Intercountry Adoption: The
Children and Families of Cambodia and Marshall Islands 55
Jini L. Roby and Trish Maskew
5 Fraud in Intercountry Adoption: Child Sales and Abduction in
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Guatemala 67
Karen Smith Rotabi
6 Perspectives on Child Welfare: Ways of Understanding Roles
and Actions of Current USA Adoption Agencies Involved in
Intercountry Adoptions 77
Mary Katherine O’Connor and Karen Smith Rotabi
vi Intercountry Adoption
Part II SENDING COUNtrY PErSPECtIVES
7 Child Welfare in Romania: Contexts and Processes 91
Cristina Nedelcu and Victor Groza
8 Challenging the Discourse of Intercountry Adoption: Perspectives
from Rural China 103
Kay Johnson
9 Intercountry Adoption and Child Welfare in Guatemala: Lessons
Learned Pre- and Post- Ratification of the 1993 Hague Convention
on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of
Intercountry Adoption 119
Kelley McCreery Bunkers and Victor Groza
10 Ethiopia at a Critical Juncture in Intercountry Adoption and
Traditional Care Practices 133
Kelley McCreery Bunkers, Karen Smith Rotabi, and
Benyam Dawit Mezmur
11 Maternal Thinking in the Context of Stratified Reproduction:
Perspectives of Birth Mothers from South Africa 143
Riitta Högbacka
12 Exiting or Going Forth? An Overview of USA Outgoing
Adoptions 161
Dana Naughton
Part III OUtCOMES FOr INtErCOUNtrY aDOPtEES
13 Review of Meta-Analytical Studies on the Physical, Emotional,
and Cognitive Outcomes of Intercountry Adoptees 175
Femmie Juffer and Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
14 Medical Status of Internationally Adopted Children 187
Laurie C. Miller
15 Cognitive Competence, Academic Achievement, and Educational
Attainment Among Intercountry Adoptees: Research Outcomes
from the Nordic Countries 199
Monica Dalen
Contents vii
16 Families with Intercountry Adopted Children: Talking About
Adoption and Birth Culture 211
Femmie Juffer and Wendy Tieman
17 Post-Racial Utopianism, White Color-Blindness and “the Elephant
in the Room”: Racial Issues for Transnational Adoptees of Color 221
Tobias Hübinette
Part IV tHE DEBatE
18 The Debate 233
Elizabeth Bartholet and David Smolin
Part V PraGMatIStS: IMPrOVING tHE PrOCESS
19 Best Practices in Implementing the Hague Convention 255
Judith L. Gibbons and Karen Smith Rotabi
20 Intercountry Adoptions and Home Study Assessments: The Need
for Uniform Practices 265
Thomas M. Crea
21 Understanding and Preventing Intercountry Adoption Breakdown 273
Jesús Palacios
22 Openness and Intercountry Adoption in New Zealand 283
Rhoda Scherman
23 All Grown Up: Rise of the Korean Adult Adoptee Movement
and Implications for Practice 293
Hollee McGinnis
24 Truth, Reconciliation, and Searching for the Disappeared Children
of Civil War: El Salvador’s Search and Reunion Model Defined 301
Carmen Mónico and Karen Smith Rotabi
25 Looking to the Future 311
Judith L. Gibbons and Karen Smith Rotabi
References 317
Index 379
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List of Figures and Tables
Figures
1.1 Trends in Intercountry Adoption to 23 Receiving States 9
1.2 Five States Receiving Most Children After the USA 9
1.3 Countries Sending Most Children 2003-2010 11
1.4 Number of Children Sent by 4 Asian States of Origin 2003-2010 15
1.5 Trends in Number of Children Sent by Three Latin American
Countries Sending Most Children Between 2004-2010 16
10.1 Adoption of Ethiopian Children to the USA 136
13.1 Meta-analytic Comparisons (all significant) of International and
Domestic Adoptees on Behavior Problems and Clinical Referrals 181
16.1 Children’s Wish to be Born in the Family and the Wish to be White
in Girls and Boys from China and India (%) 217
16.2 Interest in Adoption (total standardized scores) for Girls and Boys
Adopted from China and from India (significant gender differences
within countries) 218
24.1 Pro-búsqueda Search-and-Find Approach 306
Tables
1.1 Intercountry Adoption to Selected Receiving Countries 1998-2010:
By Rank in 2004—Peak Year in Bold 8
1.2 Countries Sending Most Children for Intercountry Adoption
2003-2010, Ranked by Number Sent—Peak Year in Bold—and Ratio 10
1.3 Contribution to Decline in Number of Adoptions 2006-2009 of 3 Key
Sending Countries and Counter Influence of 3 Countries Sending
More Children—Totals Based on Data from 23 Receiving States 12
1.4 Adoptions from Asia 2003-2010 by Number Sent in 2003: Decline
from Peak Year (in bold) to 2010—or Increase from 2003 to Peak.
Peak Year Ratio (per 1,000 live births) 13
1.5 Intercountry Adoptions from China 2005-2009. Ten Countries
Receiving Most Children in 2005; Reduction in Numbers
2005-2009. Data Provided by CCAA for Hague Special
Commission of June 2010 14