Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals and Target Organisms PDF
Preview Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals and Target Organisms
Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop 12 Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals and Target Organisms Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop Editors: Gunter Stock Ursula-F. Habenicht Vol. 6 Transgenic Animals as Model Systems for Human Diseases Editors: E. F. Wagner, F. Theuring Vol. 7 Basic Mechanisms Controlling Term and Preterm Birth Editors: K. Chwalisz, R. E. Garfield Vol. 8 Health Care 2010 Editors: C. Bezold, K. Knabner Vol. 9 Sex Steroids and Bone Editors: R. Ziegler, J. Pfeilschifter, M. Brautigam Vol. 10 Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenesis Editors: A. Cochburn, L. Smith Vol. 11 Cell Culture in Pharmaceutical Research Editors: N. E. Fusenig, H. Graf Supplement 1 Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology of the Testis Editors: G. Verhoeven, U.-F. Habenicht Vol. 12 Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals and Target Organisms Editors: P. J. Holloway, R. Rees, D. Stock Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop 12 Interactions Between Adjuvants, Agrochemicals and Target Organisms P. J Halloway, R. T. Rees, D. Stock Editors With 52 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH ISBN 978-3-662-02990-9 ISBN 978-3-662-02988-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-02988-6 CIP data is applied This work is subject to copyright. AII rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illu strations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of fhis publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current vers ion, and permis sion for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Viola-tions are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Viola-tions are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1994 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1994 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1s t edition 1994 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publica tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, fhat such names are ex empt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and fherefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Typesetting: Data conversion by Springer-Verlag SPIN: 10471245 21/3130--54321 O-Printed on acid-free paper Preface Innovation is derived from a close interaction between basic research and industry. the most recent pharmaceutical successes based on mole cular biological research provide examples of this. Innovation demands that researches learn about the developmental process, safety evalua tion, production, and economics without downgrading their curiosity driven research skills. This is an arduous task, but rewarding intellectu ally and perhaps also financially. The main aim of our research proactiveness and this workshop is to encourage contact between such curiosity-driven researchers from aca demia and product-driven research and development. The result is, ho pefully, an identification of frontier science and the means for its appli cation in the field of the interaction between adjuvants, agrochemicals, and target organisms. On reflection, there are many schools of thought on how to pursue the optimization of an agrochemical formulation, or to find the best ad juvant or adjuvant mixture to maximize the biological potential of an agrochemical against the specified target. There are, however, two ex tremes which must be reconciled. The first is the empirical approach. This is a costly method, formerly very much "spray" and "pray" or "spray" and "weigh", which in the past has predominated within the industry. The other is the purely rational approach, where the formula tion or adjuvant is designed using only theoretical considerations, the reby integrating the findings of basic research. Experience in the development of suitable formulations or adju vants, a multidimensional problem, cannot easily be bought. It is hard task and a skill-requiring process which necessitates a critical ey cou pled with a creditable knowledge of the biological processes involved VI Preface Fig. 1. The participants of the workshop in addition to the physicochemical field. The "spray" and "weigh" ima ge of the industry, we hope, has long been buried, and we are sure we will not let ourselves be fooled that once we know a compound's phy sical and chemical properties, we know exactly which adjuvant we re quire to maximize performance. Somewhere in between the extreme approaches there is a cost-effective, efficient compromise. The objecti ve of the workshop was to establish the working practice across the disciplines and various fields of study in order to find that compromise. Session of the workshop, dealt with physicochemical properties. Geoff Briggs and Richard Bromilow highlight the importance of the physicochemical properties of the active ingredient, allowing a more rational judgement about the potential for modification of biological activity by alteration of formulation variables. Here we would like to understand more fully the limiting factors imposed by the physicoche mical nature of the a. i. and formulation components. They have been very willing to discuss the uptake and loss of the a. i. from the leaf sur face with reference to choice of adjuvants. David Stock and Lorna Da vies continue the physicochemical argument by presentin a case study using a model fungicide and explore the formulation adjuvant interac tion which can significantly influence foliar penetration of the a. i. Interaction with the target surface was the subject of session 2. Ri chard Falk surveys results of studies which have been conducted to in vestigate the influence of adjuvants and formulation variables on the foliar form of deposits and their distribution with respect to laf surface features. Peter Holloway examines the physicochemical interactions VII between adjuvants, spray droplets, and plant surfaces relevant to the modification of spray retention and coverage of the target, and presents examples of the influence of spray additives under identical track sprayer conditions (i. e. structure retention enhancement relationships). Bill Lankford reviews the penetration of compounds through the insect cuticle and proposes opportunities for the optimization of formulated in secticide products. This is the only paper that concentrates specifically on insects and mites and reopens the longstanding controversy over the path ways by which compounds penetrate to their site of action through the in sect cuticle. Walter Steurbaut presents and reviews data about the influen ce of surfactants on the penetration and transport of fungicides into the pathogen, in addition to the influence of infection on adjuvant activity. In session 3, methodology for evaluation was discussed. Peter Hol loway sets the scene with a paper written from a theoretical viewpoint, suggesting methodology for monitoring specific adjuvant effects, and identifying possible modes of action. Per Kudsk and Solvejg Mathias sen present results on the assessment of formulations and adjuvants, the influence of adjuvant dose, and adjuvants as modifiers of biological activity under adverse application conditions. A section here is devoted to describe nonlinear regression techniques which may be used to in terpret more easily the results generated from whole plant bioassay stu dies. Christian Gauvrit highlights some of the methodological pro blems encontered in the study of oil-based adjuvants. It leads to a discussion of the mechanisms involved, and how a better under standing of them would help in the design new oil adjuvants. We hope that this workshop was for some the beginning of a long standing relationship between those representing frontier scientific re search and those in the agrochemical industry, while for others it will be a continuation of this process. Through the proceedings of this mee ting, at the SchloB Cecilienhof in Potsdam, we have achieved what cannot be gained from scouring the literature: that is, the accumulation of the current knowledge as implied by the workshop's title, the ex change of ideas between experts in their field, the documentation of these ideas, and not only the planning for the future application of the se ideas, but also the use of them as the basis to direct our own inhouse research, and finally to improve and strengthen our cooperation with all the invited participants. R. T. REES D. STOCK Table of Contents 1 Influence of Physicochemical Properties on Uptake and Loss of Pesticides and Adjuvants fonn the Leaf Surface G. G. Briggs and R. H. Bromilow ...................... . 2 Foliar Penetration of Agrochemicals: Limitations Imposed by Fonnulation Type and Some Interactions with Adjuvants D. Stock and L. E. Davies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27 3 Influence of Fonnulation and Adjuvants on the Foliar Location and Physical Fonn of the Active Ingredient R. H. Falk .. ........................................ 53 4 Physicochemical Factors Influencing the Adjuvant-Enhanced Spray Deposition and Coverage of Foliage-Applied Agrochemicals P.1. Holloway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83 5 Factors Affecting Penetration of Compounds Through the Cuticles of Insects and Mites W. T. Lanliford ...................................... 107 6 Adjuvants and the Activity of Fungicides w. Steurbaut ....................................... 129 X Table of Contents 7 Evaluation of Adjuvant Modes of Action: A Theoretical Approach P. 1. Holloway ...................................... 143 8 Methodology for the Study of Spray Application and Biological Efficacy of Herbicides on Pot-Grown Plants P. Kudsk and S. K. Mathiassen ......................... 149 9 Methodology for Determining Foliar Penetration of Herbicides with Reference to Oil-Based Adjuvants C. Gauvrit ......................................... 171 Subject Index ........................................... 193 List of Contributors G. G.Briggs Schering Agrochemicals Limited, Chesterford Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CBlO IXL, UK R. H. Bromilow AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2IQ, UK L. E. Davies Schering Agrochemicals Limited, Chesterford Park, Saffron Walden, Essex, CBlO IXL, UK R.H.Falk Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, University of Calif omi a, Davis, 95616 CA, USA c. Gauvrit Laboratoire de Phytopharmacie, INRA BV 1540, 21034 Dijon Cedex, France P. J. Holloway Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol BS 18 9AF, UK P. Kudsk Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science, Department of Weed Control and Pesticide Ecology, Flakkebjerg, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
Description:The list of books you might like
