Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate PDF
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NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and Kluwer Academic Publishers Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Springer-Verlag Systems Sciences Berlin Heidelberg New York G Ecological Sciences London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong H Cell Biology Barcelona Budapest I Global Environmental Change NATo-pea DATABASE The electronic index to the NATO ASI Series provides full bibliographical references (with keywords and/or abstracts) to more than 30000 contributions from international scientists published in all sections of the NATO ASI Series. Access to the NATO-PCO DATABASE compiled by the NATO Publication Coordination Office is possible in two ways: - via online FILE 128 (NATO-PCO DATABASE) hosted by ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 1-00044 Frascati, Italy. - via CD-ROM "NATO Science & Technology Disk" with user-friendly retrieval software in English, French and German (© WTV GmbH and DATAWARE Technologies Inc. 1992). The CD-ROM can be ordered through any member of the Board of Publishers or through NATO-PCO, Overijse, Belgium. Series I: Global Environmental Change, Vol. 16 The ASI Series Books Published as a Result of Activities of the Special Programme on Global Environmental Change This book contains the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held within the activities of the NATO Special Programme on Global Environmental Change, which started in 1991 under the auspices of the NATO Science Committee. The volumes published as a result of the activities of the Special Programme are: Vol. 1: Global Environmental Change. Edited by R. W. Corell and P. A. Anderson. 1991. Vol. 2: The Last Deglaciation: Absolute and Radiocarbon Chronologies. Edited by E. Bard and W. S. Broecker. 1992. Vol. 3: Start of a Glacial. Edited by G. J. Kukla and E. Went. 1992. Vol. 4: Interactions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change. Edited by R. Wollast, F. T. Mackenzie and L. Chou. 1993. Vol. 5: Energy and Water Cycles in the Climate System. Edited by E. Raschke and D. Jacob. 1993. Vol. 6: Prediction of Interannual Climate Variations. Edited by J. Shukla. 1993. Vol. 7: The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions. Edited by H. Niki and K. H. Becker. 1993. Vol. 8: The Role of the Stratosphere in Global Change. Edited by M.-L. Chanin. 1993. Vol. 9: High Spectral Resolution Infrared Remote Sensing for Earth's Weather and Climate Studies. Edited by A. Chedin, M.T. Chahine and N.A. Scott. 1993. Vol. 10: Towards a Model of Ocean Biogeochemical Processes. Edited by G. T. Evans and M.J. R. Fasham. 1993. Vol. 11: Modelling Oceanic Climate Interactions. Edited by J. Willebrand and D. L.T. Anderson. 1993. Vol. 12: Ice in the Climate System. Edited by W. Richard Peltier. 1993. Vol. 13: Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global Change. Edited by M. A. K. Khalil. 1993. Vol. 14:The Role of Regional Organizations in the Context of Climate Change. Edited by M. H. Glantz. 1993. Vol. 15:The Global Carbon Cycle. Edited by M. Heimann. 1993. Vol. 16: Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate. Edited by M. B. Jackson and C. R. Black. 1993. Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate Edited by Michael B. Jackson Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Bristol AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research Long Ashton Research Station Bristol, BS18 9AF, U.K. Colin R. Black Department of Physiology and Environmental Science University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus Loughborough, LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, U.K. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate, held in Wye College, University of London, U.K., September 13-19,1992 ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78535-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-78533-7 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-78533-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Interacting stresses on plants in a changing climate / edited by Michael B. Jackson. Colin R. Black. p. cm. - (NATO ASI series. Series I, Global environmental change; vol. 16) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate held in London. U.K .. 13-19 September 1992" - T.p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes index. 1. Vegetation and climate-Congresses. 2. Plants. Effect of stress on-Congresses. 3. Climatic changes-Congresses. I. Jackson, Michael B. II. Black, Colin R., 1948- . III. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Interacting Stresses on Plants in a Changing Climate (1992: London, England) V. Series. QK754.5.156 1993 581.2'4-dc20 93-33946 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcast ing, reproduction. on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993 Typesetting: Camera ready by authors 31/3145 -5 4 3 210 -Printed on acid-free paper FOREWORD Books dealing with climatic change are commonplace, as are those concerned with effects of environmental stresses on plants. The present volume distinguishes itself from earlier publications by highlighting several interrelated environmental stresses that are changing in intensity as the climate warms in response to the accumulation of 'greenhouse' gases. The stresses examined at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop upon which this book is based include atmospheric pollutants, flooding and sub mergence, drought and cold. In future, successful farming or landscape management will ultimately depend on strategies that offset the effects of these and other environmental constraints, while exploiting more favourable features. However, the predicted speed of climate change may exceed the rate at which new approaches to farming, forestry, landscape management and genetic conservation can be developed through experience and retroactive response. The alternative is to anticipate future needs and thus identify appropriate management and legislative strategies by research and discussion. The contents of this volume contribute to these vital processes, upon which the productivity of agroecosystems and conservation of natural ecosystems may increasingly depend. Those with any lingering doubts concerning the gravity of the likely future situation are especially encouraged to read the opening chapter. For convenience, chapters discussing pollution, flooding, drought and cold are grouped in separate sections. However, many authors have taken care to emphasise that interactions between the changing combinations of stresses pose particular problems for plants and plant communities. This is especially clear with respect to atmospheric pollutants and ultra-violet radiation, which may increase susceptibility to other stresses such as frost or drought, while offsetting any beneficial effects of increased tem peratures and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Such concerns are reiterated in the final section of the book, where the conclusions of four working groups are sum marised. The contribution of molecular biology to understanding plant responses to stress and to the prospects of increasing crop tolerance by genetic engineering offers an attractive and direct approach both to academic studies and to the practical task of improving crop performance in the face of stress. Several chapters deal with these aspects. Progress seems most advanced with respect to cold tolerance, where a VI combination of physiology, lipid biochemistry and recombinant-DNA technology has generated transformants with increased resilience to cold. The functional link between information at the molecular level and the behaviour of whole plants subjected to stresses other than cold awaits identification of more detailed physiological and biochemical targets for genetic analysis and manipulation. The Workshop was financed principally by NATO. We gladly acknowledge its generosity, and also thank Mr LV Da Cunha, Programme Director of the NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division for his interest and support during protracted negotiations. Attendance by young scientists was financed by grants from The Annals of Botany Company, Rh6ne-Poulenc Agriculture and The Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology (FESPP). These organisations are thanked for their invaluable support. The unstinting efforts of the Local Secretary, Dr Michael Blatt, and his assistant, Dr Alison Wood-Tor, kept the four and a half intensive days of papers and discussion running smoothly, while staff of Withersdane Hall and the Centre for European Agricultural Studies created a country-house atmosphere that proved both relaxing and conducive to informal discussion. On behalf of the Organising Committee, we thank all who were concerned in these highly satisfactory domestic arrangements. We also thank Mr John Whitehead for his excellent work in preparing the manuscripts for publication. The original intention was to hold the Workshop in Iceland, where both crops and the natural flora are subject to a unique and harsh combination of environmental stresses that would have provided an ideal backdrop to the Workshop. Unfortunately, the highest cost of living in Europe imposed stresses of a financial kind that proved unsurmountable, and the venue was switched to England. Nevertheless, a close link with Iceland was retained. In this regard we thank Dr Bjarni Gudleifsson, a member of the Organising Committee, for a superbly illustrated talk on Iceland's history, flora and landscape, and Mr Jakob Flimann Magnusson of the Icelandic Embassy in London for a memorable evening of Icelandic music and other cultural niceties. Michael B Jackson Colin R Black 27 April 1993 SYMPOSIUM ORGANISATION ORGANISING COMMITTEE M.B. Jackson, Workshop Director (UK) c.R. Black, Secretary and Treasurer (UK) M.R. Blatt, Local Secretary, Wye College (UK) B.E. Gudleifsson (Iceland) B.B. Vartapetian (Russia) J.A.D. Zeevaart (USA) SPONSORSHIP PRINCIPAL SPONSOR The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Scientific Affairs Division, Special Programme on the Science of Global Environmental Change SUPPORTING SPONSORS The Annals of Botany Company The Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology (FESPP) RhOne-Poulenc Agriculture PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR AFFILIATIONS C.J. Andrews, Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa KIA OC6, Canada W. Armstrong, . Department of Applied Biology, School of Life Sciences, The University, Hull HU6 7RX, UK C. Arrese-Igor, Departamento Producci6n Agraria, Universidad Publica de Navarra, E-31106 Pamplona, Spain J.D. Barnes, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Newcastle, Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NEI 7RU, UK C. Biel, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Carretera de Cabrils sin, 08348 Carbrils, Barcelona, Spain C.R. Black, Department of Physiology and Environmental Science, Nottingham University, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK V.J. Black, Department of Geography, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough LEll 3TU, UK M.R. Blatt, Department of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, Wye College, University of London, Ashford, Kent TN25 5AH, UK A.M. Boudet, Centre de Biologie et Physiologie Vegetales, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France R. Brandle, Universitat Bern, Pflanzenphysiologishes Institute, CH-3013 Bern, Altenbergrain 21, Switzerland N.A. Clarke, Broom's Barn Experimental Station, Higham, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6NP, UK R.M.M. Crawford, Department of Biological and Technical Medicine, Sir Harold Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AL, UK IX W.J. Davies, Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK L. van der Eerden, Research Institute for Plant Protection, PO Box 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands H.Z. Enoch, Soils and Water Institute, Volcani Centre, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan S02SD, Israel T.W.-M. Fan, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Hoagland Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA A.M. Farmer, English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PEl 1 UA, UK B.E. Gudleifsson, Agricultural Research Institute, Oseyri 2, IS-603 Akureyri, Iceland G. Giiler, Department of Biology, Faculty of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey A.D. Hanson, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale, Universite de Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H1X 2B2, Canada W. Hartung, Lehrstuhl Botanik I, Universitat Wiirzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700 Wiirzburg, Germany T.C. Hsiao, Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Veihmeyer Hall, Davis, California 95616, USA M.B. Jackson, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol BS18 9AF, UK C.R. Jensen, Section of Soil and Water and Plant Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark T. Jesko, Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Diibravska cesta 14,842 23 Bratislava, Czech and Slovak Federal Republic x B.R. Jordan, Horticulture Research International, Worthing Road, Litt1ehampton, West Sussex BN17 6LP, UK Y. Y. Leshem, Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel T. Madsen, Botansk Institute, Aarhus University, Nordlandsvej 68, DK 8420 Risskov, Denmark T.A. Mansfield, Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LAI 4YQ, UK S. MapeIli, Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, C.N.R., Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy M. Mattana, Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, C.N.R., Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy N. Murata, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan J. Murphy, The Meteorological Office, Hadley Centre, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RH12 2SY, UK P.M. Neumann, The Lowdermilk Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel S. Nogues, Department of Biology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester C04 3SQ, UK M. Oliveira, Departamento Fitotecnia, Universidade de Tras-Os-Montes E Alto Douto, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal J.J. Van Oosten, Horticulture Research International, Worthing Road, Littlehampton, West Sussex BN17 6LP, UK M. Pages Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Jorge Girona Salgado 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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