Intensive Care Medicine: Annual Update 2002

966 Pages·2002·113.406 MB·English

by  B. S. Abella, L. B. Becker (auth.), Jean-Louis Vincent MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP (eds.)

INTENSIVE
CARE
MEDICINE
1001
ANNUAL
UPDATE
VINCENT
JEAN~LOUIS
Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC
INTENSIVE
CARE
MEDICINE
ANNUAL
UPDATE
2002
Editor
Jean .. Louis Vincent
MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP
Head, Department of Intensive Care
Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels
Brussels, Belgium
With 170 Figures and 101 Tables
, Springer
Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP
Head, Department of Intensive Care
Erasme Hospital
Free University of Brussels
Route de Lennik 808
B-1070 Brussels
Belgium
ISBN 978-1-4757-5553-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-5551-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5551-0
Printed on acid-free paper.
© Springer Science+ Business Media New York 2002
Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without
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except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or schol-
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Contents
Cellular Responses
Ischemia-reperfusion and Acute Apoptotic Cell Death 3
(BS Abella and LB Becker)
Alpha-4 Integrin:
A Novel Mechanism for Neutrophil-endothelial Interaction. . . 12
(V Gill, P Kubes, and CJ Doig)
Cell Adhesion Molecules and Leukocyte Trafficking in Sepsis. 23
(SJ Finney, TW Evans, and A Burke-Gaffney)
Molecular Mechanisms of Complement Activation
during Ischemia and Reperfusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
(CLF Ciurana and CE Hack)
Gender and Cell-mediated Immunity following Trauma,
Shock, and Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
(MG Schwacha, A Samy, and IH Chaudry)
Basic Mechanisms in Acute Respiratory Failure
Regulatory Role of Alveolar Macrophages and Cytokines
in Pulmonary Host Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
(MJ Schultz, S Knapp, and T van der Poll)
Apoptosis in Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 77
(B Guery, JF Pittet, and P Marchetti)
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction
and the Pulmonary Microcirculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 93
(DL Traber and LD Traber)
Pulmonary Endothelial Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Activity in Lung Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
(SE Orfanos, A Kotanidou, and C Roussos)
VI Contents
Modulating Host Response
Antioxidants and Endothelial Function:
Therapeutic Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113
(BA Mullan and BV McCloskey)
Pentoxifylline: A Useful Adjuvant in the Critically Ill? . . . . . .. 121
(J Boldt)
High Volume Hemofiltration in Sepsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129
(K Reiter, R Bellomo, and C Ronco)
Adjuvant Treatment of Mediastinitis with Immunoglobulins
after Cardiac Surgery: The ATMI Trial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 142
(E Neugebauer, G Marggraf, and R Lefering)
The Immunomodulatory Effects of Anesthetic
and Analgesic Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 150
(C Kummer, FS Netto, and IC Marshall)
Myocardial Responses
Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury:
Role of the Peroxynitrite-poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Pathway 165
(C Szabo and L Liaudet)
Effects of Anesthetics on Ischemia-reperfusion Injury
of the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
(B Preckel and W Schlack)
Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide
in the Heart of the Critically III Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 186
(PB Massion and IL Balligand)
TNF as a Mediator of Cardiac Depression following Snakebite. 204
(0 Szold, R Ben-Abraham, and P Sorkine)
Acute Right Ventricular Failure: Physiology and Therapy. . . .. 209
(E Renaud, P Karpati, and A Mebazaa)
Cardiovascular Management
The Rationale for Vasodilator Therapy in Sepsis. . . . . . . . . .. 221
(M Siegemund, I Racovitza, and C Ince)
Contents VII
Vasopressin and its Analogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 232
(G Auzinger and J Wendon)
Mechanical Ventilation
The Use of Ventilatory Modes allowing Spontaneous Breathing
during Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 243
(R Kuhlen, C Putensen, and R Rossaint)
Neural Control of Mechanical Ventilation:
A New Approach to Improve Patient-Ventilator Interaction. .. 253
(J Spahija, J Beck, and C Sin derby )
Assisting Ventilation by Pressure Support:
More than a Weaning Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 264
(N Patroniti, G Foti, and A Pesenti)
Conditioning of Inspired Gases
in Mechanically Ventilated Patients ................... 275
(D Chiumello, P Pelosi, and L Gattinoni)
Bronchodilator Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients .. 287
(P Navelesi, P Ceriana, and M Delmastro)
Management of Acute Respiratory Failure
Titrating Optimal PEEP at the Bedside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297
(NS Ward and MM Levy)
Effect of PEEP and Targets During Mechanical Ventilation
in ARDS ....... .... . . . ......................... 305
(A Koutsoukou, C Roussos, and J Milic-Emili)
Lung Recruitment in Localized Lung Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 313
(L Blanch, G Murias, and A Nahum)
Advances in ARDS: How do they Impact Bedside Management? 320
(CC dos Santos and AS Slutsky)
Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation
Methodology of Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation
in Acute Respiratory Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 339
(GU Meduri)
VIII Contents
Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Prevention
of Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure. . . .. 352
(M Antonelli, G Mercurio, and MA Pennisi)
Infectious Challenges
Evaluation of Non-responding Patients
with Ventilator-associated Pneumonia 365
(M Ferrer, M Ioanas, and A Torres)
The Prevention of Invasive Candida Infection
in Critically III Surgical Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 376
(SL Sylvester and P Lipsett)
Bacterial CpG DNA in Septic Shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 388
(E Wiel, G Lebuffe, and B Vallet)
Antibiotics by Continuous Infusion: Time for Re-evaluation? .. 398
(DLA Wyncoll, R Bowry, and LJ Giles)
Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases in Gram-negative Sepsis . 407
(DL Paterson)
Fluid Therapy
Towards Safer Central Venous Access ................... 417
(DWM Jones and A Bodenham)
Strong Ions, Acid-base, and Crystalloid Design. . . . . . . . . . .. 427
(Tf Morgan and B Venkatesh)
Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Organ Dysfunction:
Potential Benefits of Resuscitation
with Ringer's Ethyl Pyruvate Solution ........... . . . . . .. 435
(MP Fink)
The Immunological Effects of Hypertonic Saline. . . . . . . . . .. 446
(SB Rizoli, OD Rotstein, and WJ Sibbald)
Does Albumin Infusion Affect Survival?
Review of Meta-analytic Findings 454
(MM Wilkes and RJ Navickis)
Contents IX
Metabolic Support
Lipids in Parenteral Nutrition: Benefits in Critically III Patients? 467
(I Kelbe/, PL Radermacher, and H Suger-Wiedeck)
Early Enteral Nutrition in the Intensive Care Unit 481
(FMP van Haren and JG van der Hoeven)
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 492
(JJM Ligtenberg and JG Zijlstra)
Metabolic Effects of Adrenergic Drugs .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 499
(H Ensinger and K Triiger)
Acidemia: Good, Bad, or Inconsequential? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 510
(fA Kellum, M Song, and S Subramanian)
Cardiorespiratory Monitoring
Monitoring Left Heart Performance in the Critically Ill. . . . .. 519
(f Poe/aert, C Roosens, and P Segers)
Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring:
Applied Physiology at the Bedside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 537
(MR Pinsky)
Detection of Fluid Responsiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 553
(F Michard and JL Teboul)
Volumetric Capnography
in the Non-intubated Critically III Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 564
(F Verschuren, F Thys, and G Liistro)
Assessment of Lung Function
in Mechanically Ventilated Patients ................... 579
(fHT Bates)
Tissue Lactate Concentrations in Critical Illness. . . . . . . . . .. 587
(B Venkatesh and TJ Morgan)
Oxygen Delivery
Oxygen Delivery and the Critically III ................. 603
(MM Jonas and CB Wolff)