Intelligent Automation in Renewable Energy

292 Pages·2019·14.463 MB·English

by  Tetyana Baydyk, Ernst Kussul, Donald C. Wunsch II

Computational Intelligence Methods and Applications
Tetyana Baydyk
Ernst Kussul
Donald C. Wunsch II
Intelligent
Automation
in Renewable
Energy
Computational Intelligence Methods
and Applications
SeriesEditors
SanghamitraBandyopadhyay,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
UjjwalMaulik,Kolkata,WestBengal,India
PatrickSiarry,Vitry-sur-Seine,France
The monographs and textbooks in this series explain methods developed in
computational intelligence (including evolutionary computing, neural networks,
and fuzzy systems), soft computing, statistics, and artificial intelligence, and their
applications in domains such as heuristics and optimization; bioinformatics,
computational biology, and biomedical engineering; image and signal processing,
VLSI, and embedded system design; network design; process engineering; social
networking;anddatamining.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15197
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Tetyana Baydyk Ernst Kussul
Donald C. Wunsch II
Intelligent Automation
in Renewable Energy
TetyanaBaydyk ErnstKussul
InstitutodeCienciasAplicadasy InstitutodeCienciasAplicadasy
Tecnología(ICAT) Tecnología(ICAT)
UniversidadNacionalAutónomade UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico
México(UNAM) (UNAM)
MexicoCity,Mexico MexicoCity,Mexico
DonaldC.WunschII
Dept.ofElectricalandComputer
Engineering
MissouriUniversityofScience
andTechnology
Rolla,MO,USA
ISSN2510-1765 ISSN2510-1773 (electronic)
ComputationalIntelligenceMethodsandApplications
ISBN978-3-030-02235-8 ISBN978-3-030-02236-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02236-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018960673
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
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To my son Oleksandr Makeyev with love (TB)
Preface
The current and future situation of our planet forces us to invest resources in the
development of alternative and sustainable sources of energy, capable of fulfilling
thehighdemandofanincreasingpopulation.
The potential of a sunlike source of energy offers us a great alternative energy
source, with the advantage of being environmentally friendly. However, recent
technologicaldevelopmentshavedemonstratedthatitisfeasibletostoretheenergy
fromthesuntouseinperiodswhensolarenergyisnotincident,eliminatingoneof
theprincipalbarrierstotheadoptionofthistypeoftechnology.Similarly,therehave
beenrecentadvancesthatallowustonotonlygenerateelectricitybutalsofuel,such
ashydrogen,usingconcentrationdevices.Differenttypesofphotovoltaicpanelsare
now very popular. This book focuses on alternative approaches, such as parabolic
dishsolarconcentrators.
During the last decade, we developed prototypes of solar concentrators with
parabolic surfaces that are approximated using triangular flat mirrors. In the
manufacturingprocessoftheconcentrator,theparabolicsurfaceoftheflattriangular
mirrors is adjusted by means of a system of nuts that determines the positions of
each,optimizingtheresultsoftheconcentration.Forthepurposeofadjustment,we
developedaspecialparabolicgauge.
Importantandtypicalissuesindevelopingautomationprocessesandafunctional
infrastructureforsupplyofenergybasedonrenewablesourcesincludeproductionin
significantvolume,precision,andqualityandcostfactors.
This book presents the design and development of the prototypes of solar
concentratorswithflattriangularmirrors.Wealsoproposeanautomaticproduction
toolbasedonartificialvision,topositionthesetofnutsthatdeterminetheparabolic
surfaceofthesolarconcentrators.
At present, more sophisticated algorithms based on neural networks are being
developed.Here,wedescribeourexperimentsinthedevelopmentandapplications
ofsuchalgorithms.Weconsidersomeproperties,limitations,andproblemsinhow
wecanapplyourmethodsforintelligentautomation.
The book is intended as a professional reference and also as a textbook for
graduate students in science, engineering, and micromechanics. We expect it to be
vii
viii Preface
particularly interesting to computer scientists and applied mathematicians engaged
inneuralnetworks,artificialintelligence,imagerecognition,andadaptivecontrol.
Tetyana Baydyk and Ernst Kussul thank Dirección General de Asuntos del
Personal Académico (DGAPA), UNAM, for a sabbatical grant, and our coauthor
DonaldC.WunschIIfromMissouriUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Rolla,
MO, USA. This collaboration helped us prepare this book. This work was partly
supported by the projects UNAM-DGAPA-PAPIIT IT102814, IN102014, and
IT100817.
WethankourPhDandmaster’sdegreestudentswhohelpedustestourideas.
Donald Wunsch gratefully acknowledges support in part from the Missouri
University of Science and Technology Mary K. Finley Endowment and Intelligent
Systems Center and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) under Cooperative
Agreement Number W911NF-18-2-0260. The views and conclusions contained in
thisdocumentarethoseoftheauthorsandshouldnotbeinterpretedasrepresenting
theofficialpolicies,eitherexpressedorimplied,oftheArmyResearchLaboratoryor
theU.S.Government.TheU.S.Governmentisauthorizedtoreproduceanddistrib-
utereprintsforgovernmentpurposesnotwithstandinganycopyrightnotationherein.
MexicoCity,Mexico TetyanaBaydyk
MexicoCity,Mexico ErnstKussul
Rolla,MO,USA DonaldC.WunschII
July2018
Contents
1 RenewableEnergy:Solar,Wind,andOthers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 SolarEnergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 WindEnergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 SolarConcentrators:StateoftheArt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 TroughSolarConcentrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Fresnel-TypeConcentrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 TowerSolarConcentratorSystems. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . 17
2.2.1 HeliostatFieldConcentrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 ParabolicDishSolarConcentrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 SolarConcentratorswithFlatMirrors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 HistoryoftheDevelopmentofFlatMirrorSolarConcentrator. . . 23
3.2 ArchitectureofSolarConcentratorwithFlatMirrors. . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3 StructureofParabolicDishConcentrator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.1 ComponentsoftheSupportFrameofSolar
Concentrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.2 StepsofAssemblyoftheSupportFrame. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3.3 FirstDevelopedPrototypeofSolarConcentrator. . . . . . . 30
3.3.4 SecondDevelopedPrototypeoftheSolarConcentrator. . . 34
3.4 SupportingDeviceManufactureandAssembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5 ParabolicGaugeforAdjustmentofParabolicSurfaceofSolar
Concentrator. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 40
3.6 PrototypesofSolarConcentratorswithFlatMirrors. . . . . . . . . . 41
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4 SolarThermalPowerStationforGreenBuildingEnergySupply. . . 45
4.1 ResidentialPowerPlant. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 45
4.1.1 NewPrototypeofFlatMirrorSolarConcentrator. . . . . . . 47
4.1.2 CostEvaluationoftheNewSolarConcentrator. . . . . . . . 48
ix
x Contents
4.1.3 ThermalEnergyStorageandCostEvaluation. . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.4 ApproximateEvaluationofaResidentialSolarPower
Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2 SolarAirDehumidificationSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2.1 FlatFacetSolarConcentratorforDehumidification
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.2 ThermalEnergyStorageforDehumidificationSystems. . . 56
4.2.3 DistrictDehumidificationSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 SolarChillersforAirConditioningSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3.1 FlatFacetSolarConcentratorforAirConditioning
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.2 DistrictSolarCoolingSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 ThermalEnergyStorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4.1 Large-ScaleThermalEnergyStorage. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 62
4.4.2 PyramidThermalEnergyStorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.4.3 HotPyramidExample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.5 OpenPitMiningTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5.1 StripMiningUsingDraglines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5.2 TrackandShovels-BasedTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.5.3 PitCrushingandConveyingTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.5.4 Blast-FreeMining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.6 SeasonalThermalEnergyStorage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.6.1 HotandColdWaterSTES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.6.2 CalculationsofHotandColdWaterSTESParameters. . . 69
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5 HeatEngines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.2 StirlingEngines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3 HeatEngineswithEricssonCycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4 Micro-ChannelRecuperatorsforHeatEngines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.5 RecuperatorParametersEvaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6 Quasi-isothermalHeatEngineforConcentratingSolarPower
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.6.2 RollingPistonExpandersandCompressors. . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.6.3 One-ValveQuasi-isothermalHeatEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.6.4 Valve-LessRollingPistonHeatEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.6.5 RelativeEfficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6 TravellingEnergyCollectors. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 113
6.1 PowerPlantBasedonTravellingEnergyCollectors. . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2 SchemeofTravellingEnergyCollectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115